Prenatal care and testing persuasive speech outline Essay

Introduction Attention: I. Attention: Imagine that you or a close loved one of yours is in the hospital about to give birth when suddenly, before you can even set eyes on the little one or hold them, the nurses rush them out of the room and your lives are turned upside down in a matter of seconds. II. Connect: Unfortunately this is something that happens to many unsuspecting families every day and could happen to you or someone that you know. Opposition: Some argue that prenatal care and testing is immoral and wrong because of the concern of women using it to prevent and abort babies with disabilities, but this is not the case at all. Prenatal testing is done to allow doctors to treat them early. Another argument is that the cost of prenatal care is just too much, but that is why there are many foundations to help mothers as well as health departments that offer free or no costs at all care. Preview: As a witness to one of these traumatic events I would like to show you why it is so important that women receive prenatal care and testing and encourage you and your loved ones to receive it. Body Main Point One-Need I. Sadly about one third of the women who give birth will have some kind of pregnancy related complication which is most of the reason why prenatal care is extremely important.  A. Receiving prenatal care reduces the risk of pregnancy-related complications such as anemia, preterm birth, preeclampsia, complications of diabetes, or poor growth of the baby in utero. B. Unfortunately one million women in the U.S. deliver babies without receiving prenatal care C. According to childtrends.org, mothers who receive late or no prenatal care are three times more likely to give birth to a low-weight baby. D. Babies whose mothers don’t receive prenatal care are five times more likely to die. Main Point Two-Satisfaction II. With prenatal care and testing doctors can spot health problems early when they see mothers regularly. A. The tests done for the mother are  generally done in the first trimester to determine things such as her blood type, whether she has diabetes, anemia, or other health conditions such as and STD. B. In a developing child testing can identify treatable health problems, characteristics of the baby, and the chance that the baby has certain birth defects, or genetic or developmental problems. Main Point Three-Visualization III. There are many benefits with receiving prenatal care. It can save lives if not better the chance at a great one. A. Everyday doctors are helping expectant mothers provide their developing child to get a great head start at a healthy life. B. There are many health problems that healthcare professionals have been able to take care of before the child is born or the problem gets worse. C. The chance of a child developing a birth defect is significantly lessoned when the mother receives prenatal care. Conclusion-Action I. So, I encourage you to please receive prenatal care or make sure your loved ones do so. II. If you or your loved one receives prenatal care your child will have the best chance possible to be born healthy.

Behaviorism, Its Origin, Purpose and Main Definitions.

Behaviorism, Its Origin, Purpose and Main Definitions. Behaviorism For as long as history can date back, humans have always had a certain interest in what makes up an individual; who they are, and what aspects of there being, have set them apart from others within there species. As behaviorist see it, these questions are answered by nothing more than the world in which you were brought up in. Behaviorism, focuses on variables we can observe, measure, manipulate; and avoid whatever is subjective, internal, and unavailable i.e. mental (1998, C. George Boeree). Behaviorism is a very old theory of personality. One of the oldest theories dates back to Rene Descartes. He introduced the idea of substance dualism, and called the person a machine dependent on external events whose soul was the ghost in the machine (substance dualism). Meaning that what is mental, and things that are physical are completely separate. Modern behaviorism however changes this theory in refusing to acknowledge any internal workings of the mind. Behaviorist believe that, persons are nothing more than mediators between behavior and environment (Skinner, 1993). Because the inner workings or the human mind are ignored, opponents to the theory make a strong case against it. Behaviorism is unable to explain human language, and memory. Although these criticisms indicate a failure in this theory. It isnt denied that behaviorism can teach the world a lot about human behaviors. Behaviorism as it is known today was founded on the ideas of John B. Watson. Watson claimed that behavior should be examined, rather than describe how the mind was working. He contended that it was possible to condition humans and animals. In his famous study, Watson conditioned a young child named Albert to fear a white rat. He did so by creating a loud noise whenever Albert touched the rat. Frightened by the loud noise, the child associated the rat to this feeling, and feared the rat the same way he feared the noise. Watsons work was backed by the most noted behaviorist B.F. Skinner. Skinners entire system is based on operant conditioning. The organism is in the process of operating on the environment (Skinner, 1993). While operating, the organism encounters a special kind of stimulus, called a reinforcing stimulus, or simply a reinforcer. This special stimulus has the effect of increasing the behavior occurring just before the reinforcer. Operant conditioning is: the behavior is followed by a consequence, and the nature of the consequence modifies the organisms tendency to repeat the behavior in the future (Behaviorism, 1997). Skinner ran experiments to prove this by placing a rat in a cage called a Skinner Box. His cage would have a bar or pedal on one wall that, when pressed, causes a little mechanism to release a foot pellet. The rat would then bounce around the cage, doing whatever it is rats do, when he accidentally presses the bar, a food pellet falls out. The operant is the behavior just prior to the reinforcer, which is the food pellet. In no time at all, the rat is furiously peddling away at the bar. A behavior followed by a reinforcing stimulus results in an increased probability of that behavior occurring in the future (Stacy Breslau, 2003 ). What if you dont give the rat any more pellets? After a few attempts, the rat will stop pressing the bar. This is called extinction of the operant behavior. A behavior no longer followed by the reinforcing stimulus results in a decreased probability of that behavior occurring in the future. (Stacy Breslau, 2003 ) Now, if you were to turn the pellet machine back on, so that pressing the bar again provides the rat with pellets, the behavior of bar-pushing will pop right back into existence, much more quickly than it took for the rat to learn the behavior the first time. This is because the return of the reinforcer takes place in the context of a reinforcement history that goes all the way back to the very first time the rat w as reinforced for pushing on the bar. A question Skinner had to deal with was how we get to more complex sorts of behaviors. He responded with the idea of shaping, or the method of successive approximations. Basically, it involves first reinforcing a behavior only vaguely similar to the one desired. Once that is established, you look out for variations that come a little closer to what you want, and so on, until you have an animal performing a behavior that would never show up in ordinary life. Skinner and his students have been quite successful in teaching simple animals to do some extraordinary things. Beyond fairly simple examples, shaping also accounts for the most complex of behaviors. You dont, for example, become a brain surgeon by stumbling into an operating room, cutting open someones head, removing a tumor, and receive a reward. Instead, you are gently shaped by your environment to enjoy certain things, do well in school, take a certain class, see a movie, and so on. This could be something your parents were carefully doing to you, but much more likely, this is something that was more or less uni ntentional. Another type of reinforcement is aversive stimulus. It is the opposite of a reinforcing stimulus, something unpleasant or painful. A behavior followed by an aversive stimulus results in a decreased probability of the behavior occurring in the future (Stacy Breslau, 2003 ). This both defines an aversive stimulus and describes the form of conditioning known as punishment. If you shock a rat for doing something, it wont do what ever it is it got shocked for. If you spank Johnny for throwing his toys he will throw his toys less and less (maybe). If you remove an already active aversive stimulus after a rat or Johnny performs a certain behavior, you are doing negative reinforcement. If you turn off the electricity when the rat stands on his hind legs, hell stand a lot more. Notice how difficult it can be to distinguish some forms of negative reinforcement from positive reinforcement. If I starve you, is the food I give you when you do what I want a positive? Or is it the removal of a negative, the aversive stimulus of hunger? (1998, C. George Boeree) Skinner doesnt approve of the use of aversive stimuli, because they dont work well. Earlier I said that Johnny will maybe stop throwing his toys? Thats because whatever was reinforcing the bad behaviors hasnt been removed. This hidden reinforcer has just been hidden with an aversive stimulus. So, sometimes the child will behave, but it still feels good to throw those toys. All this boils down to a theory of personality that says that ones environment causes ones behavior. A man named Albert Bandura found this a bit too simplistic for the phenomena he was observing, aggression in adolescents, and decided to add a little to it, environment causes behavior, but behavior causes environment as well(Bandura, 2000). He labeled this concept reciprocal determinism. He then went a step further. Bandura began to look at personality as an interaction among three things the environment, behavior, and the persons psychological processes. Adding imagery and language to the mix allows Bandura to theorize much more effectively than someone like, B. F. Skinner, about two things that many people would consider the humans strong point, observational learning or modeling, and self-regulation. Of the hundreds of studies Bandura was responsible for, one group stands out above the others. The bobo doll studies. Bandura made of film of one of his students, a young woman, beating up a bobo doll. In case you dont know, a bobo doll is an inflatable, balloon creature with a weight in the bottom that makes it bob back up when you knock him down. The woman punched the clown, shouting sockeroo! She kicked it, sat on it, hit with a little hammer, and so on, shouting aggressive phrases. Bandura then showed his film to groups of kindergartners. The children then were let out to play. In the play room, were several observers with pens and clipboards, a bobo doll, and a few little hammers. The observers recorded: A lot of little kids beating on the bobo doll. They punched it and shouted sockeroo, kicked it, sat on it, hit it with the little hammers, and so on. In other words, they imitated the young lady in the film. This might seem like a worthless experiment at first, but the children changed their behavior without first being rewarded for that behavior. While that may not seem extraordinary to the average person, it didnt work well with standard behaviorist learning theories. He called the phenomenon observational learning or modeling, and Banduras theory is usually called the social learning theory. Bandura did a large number of variations in his study. All these variations allowed Bandura to establish that there were certain steps involved in the modeling process. If you are going to learn anything, you have to be paying attention. Likewise, anything that doesnt allow you to pay attention is going to decrease learning. If, for example, you are sleepy, groggy, drugged, sick, or nervous, you will learn less. Second, you must be able to remember what you have paid attention to. This is where imagery and language come in. We store what we have seen the model doing in the form of mental images, or verbal descriptions. When stored, you can later bring up the image or description, so that you can reproduce it with your own behavior. At this point, youre just sitting there daydreaming. You have to translate the images or descriptions into actual behavior. So you have to have the ability to reproduce the behavior in the first place. For example, I can watch Olympic swimmers all day long, and not be able to reproduce their times, because I may not even know how to swim. But if I can swim, my performance would in fact improve if I watch swimmers who are better than I am. Our abilities improve even when we just imagine ourselves performing. Many athletes, imagine their performance in their mind prior to actually performing. With all this, youre still not going to do anything unless you are motivated to imitate. Bandura says there are many motives, past reinforcement, promised reinforcements, vicarious reinforcement. These are, considered to be the things that cause learning. Bandura is saying that they dont cause learning but, only cause us to demonstrate what we have learned. He sees them as motives. The negative motivations are there too, giving you reasons not to imitate someone such as past punishment, promised punishment (threats), vicarious punishment. Like most traditional behaviorists, Bandura says that punishment in whatever form does not work as well as reinforcement and, in fact, has a tendency to backfire on us.

Basic Network Technology, Structure, and Protocols Research Paper - 1

Basic Network Technology, Structure, and Protocols - Research Paper Example Moreover, the Internet is known as the world’s biggest public WAN and it is too a type of network (Mitchell, 2011) and (FREETECHEXAMS, 2011). There are diverse kinds of networking, for example there are WANs (wide area networks) or LANs (local area networks). However, the dissimilarity among these two depends on their coverage. Additionally, networks can as well be dissimilar in their arrangement and design. In addition, there are various other types as well for instance server/client networks and peer-to-peer networks. Moreover, in some scenarios client/server based networks are inclined to be central by means of the majority processes being maintained by the centralized or key system. On the other hand, the Peer-to-peer networks are composed of computers that facilitate the similar processes as well as are able to transmit data and information to each other (FREETECHEXAMS, 2011) and (Mitchell, 2011). The purpose of networks is to offer data sharing and communication services , for this reason there are some established communication standards those are implemented through protocols. In this scenario, the protocols are similar to the policies and regulations for the processes of the network. In addition, a network can use different protocols depending on the situation, for example TCP/IP, the majority widespread protocol established for the communication on internet as well as in small level networks. Moreover, the networks can be classified as wireless or wired networks. In this scenario, the majority of protocols intended for wired networks are as well facilitated and corroborated by wireless networks. Furthermore, wired networks have been established a long time ago as compared to wireless networks. However, with developments in technology wireless networks are improving and turning out to be more widespread and trustworthy (FREETECHEXAMS, 2011) and (Mitchell, 2011). At the present, networks are used everywhere. From our home telephone lines to TV con nection we are surrounded with communication networks. These networks are able to offer us a lot of facilities and services in form of information and data sharing. On the other hand, majority of the people still do not have any knowledge about the network technology and what are the basic skills behind the scene. In this scenario, there is an awful need of educating people about the network technology and teaching people about this technology based system. For this purpose, TV and internet are the prime means of technology based communication. In addition, through these means we communicate with people as well as transfer data and information. Moreover, we can develop a program based on the presentation which can offer a great deal of support regarding information sharing and data distribution at the network level for guiding the people (FREETECHEXAMS, 2011), (Nash, 2000) and (Mitchell, 2011). However, there are some issues associated with each technology. In the same way, the late st network technologies are also experiencing some of the issues those are hindering in the overall progress and possible evolution of the technology. In this scenario, security in case of network environment is taken as one of the prime factors regarding the network technology and communication. Moreover, these issues become more critical in

Movies and Movements Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Movies and Movements - Essay Example Human history is full of moments when collective effort was needed to address public concerns. And the history of films is full of examples when the medium was used to rally collective effort. Such movies never failed to get the attention of people and stir them to action. The ability of movies to influence mass audiences has been made use of for a long time. Since the 30s and the 40s movies were used to glorify western culture, to strengthen religion and faith, to celebrate freedom, to decry communism and collectivism and to extol individual achievement and the American Dream. For many Americans the 1930s was a period of contradiction. What started out as the land of dreams was slowly playing out as a land of nightmares. Democracy, capitalism, individualism and the optimism that was based on them were all proving to be myths. Milk, honey and the good life were all mere dreams; reality was a dire struggle for survival. You simply had to see it to believe that such suffering could have existed in America. (Sutton) In the decades that preceded the 1930s settlers from the North and East flocked to the southern plains lured by the promise of an abundance of fertile soil and a happy life. The first few years looked as if they were on the way to achieving their dream. And then came a period of extended drought, which arguably is the worst drought of America. It was a double whammy of sorts. ... Desperate, many of them had to pack up and leave with their families, in search of work, to provide for their families. "The Dust Bowl was the result of a series of dust storms in the central United States and Canada from 1931 to 1939, caused by decades of inappropriate farming techniques" (Dust Bowl) Although there was both government and private effort to help ease the situation, farming communities were not able to tide things over. "Private charities like the Red Cross also helped, but in general the level of assistance available prior to 1933 was minimal (Gregory 14)". People relocated. Often this relocation was as much a nightmare as their life in the dust bowl. But ultimately true grit and hope in the face of adversity were the qualities helped farmers to weather this period. This is the message that films like "The Grapes of Wrath" carried to the suffering masses. 3 The Grapes of Wrath The film explicitly depicts the socio-economic impact of the Great Depression, and the drought of the 1930s on the thousands of displaced farmers from Oklahoma, Colorado, the Texas Panhandle and Western Kansas farmers in general and one family in particular - the Joads. The opening scene is set in Oklahoma. It shows a figure walking in the distance. The figure is Tom Joad on his way back to his family's sharecropping farm. Tom hitches a ride part of the way and then he encounters Jim Casey on the road sitting under a willow tree. Casey is an ex-preacher and together they head towards Tom's farm. When they reach the decrepit Joad cabin they find nobody there. A few moments later a figure emerges from the shadow. He is Muley Graves one of Tom's neighbors. Muley Graves is an instance of an individual who is so shattered at having lost his land that he is literally

Tourism and national econmic growth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Tourism and national econmic growth - Essay Example One of the well known examples in tourism driven LED seen in South Africa has been the small resort named Still Bay. It has a definite tourist footfall (Binns and Nel 240). The article addresses the environmental concerns too. For example, in Kenya’s Maasai Mara National Park and the Ngorongoro Conservation Area in Tanzania, heavy demand for firewood to be used in cooking and heating had severely reduced many small riverine forests (Binns and Nel 237). The article â€Å"Tourism as a local development strategy in South Africa† focuses on how the socio- environmental resources are being utilized to promote local economic development (LED) which in turn leads to national development. The article highlights the initiatives taken by the government to promote tourism as a means to bring about economic development in the country. It mentions the increase in number of the foreign tourist visits from 1994-2002 which in turn boosted the nations GDP. This article helps in understa nding how the unexplored locales in a country can be turned as hot spots for vacation. The article explains different ways for attracting tourists. It throws light on the different environmental issues that arises because of these plans. B. Travel & Tourism to boost UK economy in 2012, October 4, 2010 The website article shows the economic condition in UK and the growth in its tourism industry. The economic condition in the country has been seeing a downslide ever since the onset of the anticipated depression. So, the market has turned toward the travel and tourism industry to boost its economy. According to the article, the tourism industry would increase by 1.3% in 2012 that would be twice the rate of growth which was predicted to be only 0.6% as per the International Monetary Fund. This rate of growth will indicate that the Travel & Tourism industry would be generating revenue of ?35.6 billion and create almost 950,000 jobs within the British economy. During 2012 it is expected t hat around 30 million visitors would be coming to the UK, as reports had shown the country to maintain a good position in being a most-visited destination. In 2011, the total economic contribution from Travel & Tourism amounted to US$6.3 trillion in GDP thus creating 255 million jobs. This contribution had represented 9% of the total GDP, ranking 1 in 12 jobs (Travel & Tourism to boost UK economy in 2012). The website highlights the predicted increase in the number of international visitors in the country. It also showed the number of jobs that would be generated out of the tourism industry. The article presents a comparison between the number of visitors and the jobs created out of the tourism industry between 2011 and 2012. It shows how the industry had contributed US $6.3 trillion in GDP during the year 2011 thus drawing to the conclusion that there is tremendous opportunity to gain economic growth from the tourism industry. C. Roy, Jose, Kenya Packages Tourism as a Key Source of Economic Growth. 2010. October 4, 2010 The article in the news

Assignment 5 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 9

5 - Assignment Example The graph shows that the percentages of the native speaker interlocutor were higher in all the categories above. The findings are that a native speaker interlocutor achieves greater accuracy and systematicity with the learner since the interviewers native language shares the same bound morphemes as those of the learner. The native speaker achieves higher percentage in plural and person singular over the non-native speaker. The percentages mean that a learner will learn to pronounce plural and singular words better when a native interlocutor teaches them to pronounce the words. The second graph depicts the effects of NNS and NS interlocutors on target language utterances of free morphemes on a learner in copula, the indefinite article and definite article categories. The NNS interlocutor achieves higher percentages in all categories as compared to NS speaker. An NNS interlocutor will enable a learner to link sentences accurately better using joining verbs or copula. The difference in learning the curve of indefinite articles between the NNS and NS is very minimal. An NNS interlocutor will enable a learner to use the definite article, the in a better way than an NS interlocutor. In conclusion, an NNS will effectively teach a learner to adopt a better sentence structure while an NS interlocutor will teach a learner to pronounce the sentences and achieve

My Choice Is Illinois State University Personal Statement

My Choice Is Illinois State University - Personal Statement Example In fact, the idea of getting out of school has crossed my mind. Unfortunately, not much had changed when I started college because of struggling with a degree in psychology. Honestly, I was not genuinely passionate about that endeavor and at the same time, I lacked the necessary skills in effective learning. Concurrently, despite the challenges, one’s love for my family and recognition for a desire to pursue a career in nursing prompted me to move on.  After reflecting on all of my mistakes, I realized that these experiences were instrumental in making me a strong, independent and passionate woman that I am today. Being a full-time mom, worker, and the student is hard and only after I quit my full-time job to fully devote one’s time for my family and my schooling, was I able to capitalize on my full potentials. There is this innate desire for a healthcare profession and realized that I enjoy assisting people in need. By providing patient care, there is a rewarding fee ling for being able to give my time for a good cause while gaining some knowledge about nursing care. I even volunteered at the hospital down the street from home once a week for a few hours to fulfill my desire for serving and learning. I began to study like I have never before, got a tutor in the spring semester of this year, and was able to learn some very valuable skills in studying. I plan not to let anything hinder me in receiving my nursing degree and I am a testimony to other students who are struggling in school, that with the right tools one can overcome weaknesses and succeed in the plans earmarked in life. My academic strengths are studying, time management, being focused, and learning the necessary skills required to support one’s field of endeavor. My GPA is only 3.15 but my nursing prerequisite GPA is 3.66.