Abnormality and Normality

Concepts of normality and abnormality The presence of a mental disorder may be considered a deviation from mental health norms and hence the study of mental disorders is often known as abnormal psychology Normal† and â€Å"abnormal,† as applied to human behavior, are relative terms. Many people use these classifications subjectively and carelessly, often in a judgmental manner, to suggest good or bad behavior. As defined in the dictionary, their accurate use would seem easy enough: normal–conforming to a typical pattern; abnormal-deviating from a norm.The trouble lies in the word norm. Whose norm? For what age person? At what period of history ? In which culture ? The definition of the word abnormal is simple enough but applying this to psychology poses a complex problem: what is normal? Whose norm? For what age? For what culture? The concept of abnormality is imprecise and difficult to define. Examples of abnormality can take many different forms and involve diff erent features, so that, what at first sight seem quite reasonable definitions, turns out to be quite problematical.There are several different ways in which it is possible to define ‘abnormal’ as opposed to our ideas of what is ‘normal’ 1. Deviation from statistical norms One way is the statistical approach which is based on the premise that abnormal behaviour is statistically rare. In some cases it is possible to gather data in a numeric form and derive a mean average value. We can then say that the majority of values which are nearest to the mean are â€Å"normal†, and the minority of values farthest from the mean are â€Å"abnormal†.For example, if the average height of a set of people is five foot eight, with most values falling in the range four feet to six foot six, then a height of less than three foot or more than eight foot would or probably be considered â€Å"abnormal†. As another example, anxiety can be assessed using Spiel berger’s State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. The mean score for trait anxiety is 40 and people who achieve over 55 are seen as statistically rare as only 1 in 50 score that high. Therefore those with high scores are seen as deviant from the greater majority of the population.Evaluation The statistical approach helps to address what is meant by normal in a statistical context. It helps us make cut – off points in terms of diagnosis but it still does not helps us define the term. There are many people who have high levels of anxiety, but would still not be categorised as clinically abnormal — it is also equally true that people with very low scores on the anxiety scale are also statistically abnormal! The decision of where to start the â€Å"abnormal† classification is arbitrary.Who decides what is statistically rare and how do they decide ? For example, if an IQ of 70 is the cut-off point, how can we justify saying someone with 69 is abnormal, and someone with 70 normal ? An important consideration of statistically â€Å"abnormal† values is that â€Å"abnormal† doesn't tell us about the desirability of the deviation. For example, obesity is a statistically normal but not associated with healthy or desirable. Conversely high IQ is statistically abnormal, but may well be regarded as highly desirable

Ethical Issues in Organizational Behavior Essay

Ethical decisions play a very important role in an organization. Ethics is the concept of good and bad behavior. Ethical behavior is governed by state, federal, and local laws. It is important for an organization to promote good moral choices and do everything in its power to prevent unethical behavior from taking place in the workplace. This can be achieved through continuous training and reinforcement of the desired behavior. Unethical behavior in the workplace can be detrimental to an organization because it is both costly and can ruin a good relationship between business associates. There are several influences on ethical behavior. They can range from the diversity of the workforce to the technology used in the organization to the quality that is now required of the products produced by an organization. Diversity can become an issue when a manager uses personal race related biases in organizational decisions. Technology can be an issue when proper training is not available to the employees in an organization. The fact that the employee is not trained properly makes them more likely to make a mistake or incapable of performing job duties. Quality can become an issue when an organization does provide its employee with the tools necessary to provide products within the specifications of their customers’ requirements. An employee is then forced to make a decision on whether or not to continue in the development of the less than required product. All of these influences to ethical behavior can be tracked back to a system breakdown. An organization can influence the ethical behavior of employees in several ways. First the organization can offer some kind of reward for behavior defined as ethical. This will give the employee reason to continue making the â€Å"right† or desired organizational behavior. Continuous training will enable the employees to efficiently perform specified job duties. It will also enable managers to clarify desired behavior and give the employee a sense of security and confidence. Management is primarily responsible for ensuring that the proper tools and training are available to all employees. Deming’s observations led him to believe that â€Å"the typical manager spends most of his or her time wrongly blaming and punishing individuals for system failure† (Kinicki, & Kreitner, 2009, pg. 11). His 85-15 rule is helpful in preventing a manager from jumping to conclusions and making an unethical decision. Using the principles of Total Quality management will also aide in influencing ethical behavior in the workplace. They are as follows: a) Do it right the first time to eliminate rework b) Listen to and learn from customers and employees ) Make continuous improvement an everyday matter d) Build teamwork, trust, and mutual respect These principles will add to the security and confidence that employees will get from continued training. An example of ethical issue being faced by an organization is the ethical, legal, and social issues derived from the Human Genome Project. This project is funded by the U. S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the National Institutes of Health (NIH). There are several ethical issues related to this project. One concern is fairness in the use of genetic information. It must be determined who should have access to the information and how the information should be used. Another ethical issue faced by funders of the Human Genome Project is privacy and confidentiality. It needs to be determined who owns and controls the findings from the project. Another ethical issue is the psychological impact and stigmatization. Before findings are made public, it needs to be determined how this information will affect an individual. The uncertainties that are tied to gene testing are another ethical issue that DOE and NIH are faced with. They have to decide if testing should be done even when treatment is not available. They have to decide if a parent has the authority to test their children for potential diseases. They must determine if the test are reliable and interpretable by members of the medical community. There are many other ethical decisions that must be made with the continued study of human genetics.

An Analysis Of Postmodern Blackness By Bell Hooks

An Analysis Of Postmodern Blackness By Bell Hooks When the essay was first written during the 1990’s, the main point was that postmodernism was probably the most well-known trend with scholars and different academic people for its thoughts of heterogeneity, the decentered subjectrecognition of Otherness which was just a number of different ways for saying, culture was attempting to help empower the underestimated and overlooked voices in society. Nonetheless, those main scholars of postmodernism were basically following a do as I say, not as I do display. They would attempt to challenge for better approaches for considering, or challenging against old mindsets, while in the meantime falling prey to their own particular old thoughts regarding there being no significant association between the black experience and critical thinking about aesthetics or culture. Hooks utilizes essentialism as the primary method for uncovering the postmodernist falseness overrunning culture. Essentialism challenges the idea that one truth or standard exists to which every one of us ought to work towards or to submit to. Postmodernism works against essentialism since essentialism takes away the potential outcomes for boundless perspectives or points of view in which we can see the world and live by. Bell trusts that postmodern culture hopes to rid of the idea of essentialism yet still supports its practicality, on the grounds that the discussion being had in postmodernism is fundamentally to a particular gathering of people that offers a common language established in the very master narratives it claims to challenge. In spite of the falseness postmodernism portrays within its perspective of essentialism, in any case, Bell discovers some support in postmodernism. By uncovering essentialism as a false, Bell contends that postmodernism has made a longing that joins everybody who has ever felt devalued or misunderstood. Bell at last considers postmodernism to be doing great, and she sees that the task of removing essentialism can possibly free those who are truly oppressed. They just should see the bounds of their present postmodernist society first. Compared to most theories on postmodernism, Bell sees next to no portrayal of the voices of black individuals especially those voices of black females. Some portion of this is a result of the fundamental racism in the school of thought, which as per Bell Hooks is both a reason and an impact of the conviction of African American researchers that there is little in postmodernism that is applicable to the black experience. The irony of this all is that postmodernism depends on the possibility of specificity and assorted variety of experience, and Hooks challenges that black postmodernist writers have engrossed, acknowledged, and confirmed through their works, the racial oppression that they have tried to challenge. Be that as it may, Bell guarantees that ongoing advancements, particularly deindustrialization, have made the likelihood for compassion across a number of identities. There are white working-class individuals who are encountering the same oppression as the ones which black individuals have to face. However, the focal worry of this paper is that black researchers should utilize the critique of essentialism that is vital to postmodernism without dismissing the possibility of a black experience. Most crucial, African-American researchers, such as Bell Hooks, ought to draw in with individuals in the society, particularly artists, whose work is likewise a type of analysis.

Mill's Utilitarianism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mill's Utilitarianism - Essay Example That is why he tries to show that justice and utility are able not only to coexist, but also cooperate. He points about that a fundamental part of justice is the desire to punish. Indeed, the former notion is often connected to various actions which might have a certain violent aspect, for example, a court ruling is basically a punishment for a person (50). So, he draws a connection between justice and some negative effects that it may have on people. Mill also suggests that justice might be perceived as a form of retaliation or vengeance that is applied to people who violates the rule and regulation which were created by the society (52). In other words, the social environment takes defensive actions in the form of justice in order to punish those how did not follow the conventions and thus became a treat to it. What is more important is that this desire to retaliate is seen by Mill as an essential constituent of a human being. Indeed, it is a part of our nature to hurt those who hurt us (55). He points out that this kind of attitude to others allows people to build a social environment that provided them with security. Nevertheless, in the case of justice this natural desire is conditioned by other characteristic features of a human being, such as intellect and sympathy (11). In other words, when violent actions addressed to those who hurt as go through the prism of intellect and sympathy, they become justice that is being applied to those who should be punished. Finally, the range of people who are likely to experience the consequences of justice is defined by Mill in the following way. On the one hand, this number includes those people who hurt a particular individual (50). For example, a person who commits robbery hurts another person and the latter perceives it is an act of injustice that was directed at him or her personally. In this case the

Stereotypes contribute to prejudiced thinking Research Paper

Stereotypes contribute to prejudiced thinking - Research Paper Example On the other hand, prejudiced thinking is defined by Stangor ( 2000, 22) as â€Å"thinking ill of others without enough warrant†. Ferguson (2004) averred that prejudice is an â€Å"attitude toward the members of some group based solely on their membership in that group (can be positive or negative).† Stereotypes are therefore generalized and confined according to distinct characteristics of persons or members of certain groups. As such, stereotyping distorts perceptions of people since once these traits are activated; those are the ones that come immediately to one’s mind – without justified warrant. As averred by Ferguson (2004) â€Å"prejudice often involves stereotypes, suggesting that all members of a group behave in certain ways and have certain characteristics.† I believe that stereotyping, whether positive or negative are both harmful in such as way that they become â€Å"self-confirming† (Ferguson, 2004), confining and distorting; and affect social judgments we have of others. As such, even positive stereotypes could have true characteristics not revealed to those who generalized them. Therefore, whatever relationships or interactions one has would be distorted due to stereotyping, eventually leading to prejudice (even positive or negative). The ability of stereotyping to give illusionary impacts makes them harmful despite their positive

Bank Regulations in Europe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Bank Regulations in Europe - Essay Example There are currently many regulatory transitions underway which will have multifaceted effects on how Banks are run in Europe and the ultimate investments they deem as adequate for progressive growth. The controversy surrounding these regulations stems from past success as well as the impact recent recession ratios have imposed on the market. The question this analysis will attempt to address is whether or not these regulations are necessary for European banks to progress in the years to come. Basel II is the second of the Basel Accords. These are recommendations set by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision. The point of these laws is to apply some regulation to the worldwide banking system, an international standard by which all banks may abide. These regulations are an attempt to safeguard the Banking Market against many of the risks banks face yearly. They have seen as a safety net for the international banking market in the case that one major bank collapses. The main focus of the regulations is to reduce the amount of risk all banks take on. Through rigorous risk and capital regulations, Basel II is able to ensure that Banks are not able to take on more risk than they have solvency to maintain. Despite the Basel II regulations and their proven success throughout the past years, recent developments in the global economy have pointed to a need for more strict regulations. This can largely be connected to the massive recession that has occurred over the past two ye ars in the global economy. The nature of the European Banking system and its current need for BeselIII regulations is in reaction to the state of the Economy. The CIA World Factbook notes that the United States of America has the largest economy in the globe. "The recent failure in the U.S. housing and credit markets have resulted in a slowdown in the US economy. 2007 GDP growth was estimated at 2.2% but in 2008 it is projected to be just 0.9%, down from the 10-year average of 2.8% (St Labs, p1)." According to the United States Department of Labor, The Unemployment rate as of September 2009 was 9.8%, which is the result of a progressive growth 8.9% in April 2009. The Banks have followed suit with the housing industry as well as many of the corporations gout This effect in the west has impacted the Europes. University of Maryland economist Peter Morici declares "we are in a depression (Shinkle, p1)." He signifies a recession as an economic decline from which an economy can eventually recover but poses that the state the American economy is in today is much worse and can't be resolved with a quick fix. "My feeling is that if (the president) doesn't fix what's structurally broken, what caused this, we'll be back into this after the federal stimulus has had its effect," says Morici (Shinkle, p1). Many different aspects of the American economy have come under fire as the cause of this financial crisis, most infamous of these methods to date are credit default swap contracts and short selling. The very first credit default swap contract was constructed in 1997 by JP Morgan and it is given credit for what initiated the market to balloon up to a $45 trillion value in 2007 (Pinsent, p1).

Biology (plant and people)- research proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Biology (plant and people)- - Research Proposal Example The corn’s high yield-per-hectare increased the available food supply, which contributed to the increase in the population especially among corn-growing areas. La Fleur, J. D. (2012). Fusion foodways of africa's gold coast in the atlantic era. Leiden: Brill. La Fleur provides a history on how corn became popular during the 1500’s and beyond in the African continent. African farmers were able to experiment planting and breeding corn sourced from Portuguese outposts, using techniques similar to growing local grains such as sorghum. The corn responded well after being planted during the rainy season, and the farmers were able to successfully harvest a lot during the end of the rainy season. Aside from the experimentations in breeding corn, the local folk also tested several methods of processing corn and creating novel dishes. The excitement from breeding various varieties of corn as well as in experimenting with different methods of preparing the crop helped it gain wide acceptance among many people within Africa. Maddison, A. (2007). Contours of the world economy 1-2030 AD: essays in macro-economic history. New York: Oxford University Press. Maddison describes how maize was introduced into the African continent, which is mainly via the slave trade routes by Portuguese colonizers. During the 1500’s, early introductions of European crops into the African continent proved futile, mainly due to the poor and uncultivated soils in areas where colonies were first established. Since most of the local folk were hunter-gatherers, the soils were unfit for planting most European-sourced crops. However, with the expansion of the slave-trade by Portugal in Africa as well as discovering and conquering other areas within the New World, there was an increase in the influx of various items across three separate geological regions. As Portugal brought Christianity from the mainland to the South Americans, corn was later exported from the Americas and into Afri ca, and from Africa came the slaves, which were sold to Europeans, thus completing a cycle of imports and exports from the countries under control. McCann, J. (2005). Maize and grace: africa's encounter with a new world crop, 1500-2000. Harvard University Press. The author discusses the natural characteristics of corn that made it widely popular in Africa despite its cultural diversity. First, the sub-tropical and mid-altitude locations of most areas were corn was first introduced were fairly similar to where maize came from, which contributed to the vigorous growth of the crop and fairly high yields. Second, it can be planted as an intercrop along with other kinds of food sources. Thirdly, corn as a crop is easy to transport to other places due to some â€Å"floury† varieties as well as the numerous husks covering the cob. Lastly, corn kernels greatly-resembled locally-grown sorghum, and this gave farmers and local folk ideas on how to prepare harvested corn for their dishes . Warman, A. (2003). Corn and capitalism: how a botanical bastard grew to global dominance. University of North Carolina Press. The flexibility of corn in being used for a variety of food stuffs lead to its acceptability, and is discussed by the author in this book. It is a fact that corn was a crop that was the product of multiple cross-breeding by humans for

Should All school information be bilingual Why or why not Assignment

Should All school information be bilingual Why or why not - Assignment Example This smaller population might feel slighted if the same information automatically available in Spanish is not available in their languages. Then there are places such as San Francisco. Would it not be a waste to have educational materials in Spanish? This question, then poses a deeper more subtle question. Should the United States have English as an official language and Spanish as the official second language? This is an unpleasant subject where lines are deeply divided. Some argue by having a National language, public education will be more effective and it will encourage aggressive English competence. This is not supported by any evidence. Statistics in fact confirm the opposite, if students are taught in ELL classes and sheltered English Immersion; they have more self respect, higher graduation rates, and a better standard of living, which ultimately benefits the United States. Personally, I feel the U.S. should have two languages, and that Spanish should be the second language. I feel that every student should be taught Spanish beginning in kindergarten. This will not solve the problem for the smaller diverse population nor will it solve the issues of cities such as San Francisco, but the Hispanic culture has long a stalwart presence in the United States and it is about time they were recognized for the significant contributions they have made. Supporters of bilingualism argue if there are other languages, there would be greater equal rights, social justice, and understanding of diversity. This would carry on the traditions which our forefathers intended our country to be; a place where people go for refuge and a better life. The argument against schools having information placed in another language is often heard with statements such as this, "If they are in our country they should learn our language, customs, traditions, idiomatic terms, and non-verbal communication. This way we all share a common ground. We should not have to speak

Any current computer technology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Any current computer technology - Research Paper Example fers to a new class of network-based computing involving utility computing that comprises of a collection of networked and integrated software and internet facility known a platform. The technology uses internet for transport and communication. It also provides software, hardware and networking services to clients mainly through internet. According to National Institute of Standards and Technology (2011), cloud computing is a form of computing where groups of remote servers are networked in order to enhance centralized online access to resources or computer services and data storage. Cloud computing is a computing technology that enables large network servers such as large organizations to access various technological infrastructure resources from other companies without purchasing computing infrastructure. Cloud computing exhibits a number of characteristics. Some of these characteristics exhibited by cloud computing include virtualization, advanced security, service orientation, low-cost software, massive scale, resilient computing and wide geographical distribution of computing services. Essential characteristics of cloud computing include broad network access to clients, rapid elasticity, measured services and resource pooling. According to these characteristics, cloud computing is an appropriate technology that is highly beneficial to users through enhancement of access and support of computer infrastructure. In conclusion, cloud computing has a wide range of benefits to users. First, clients or users can reduce their computer cost by using cloud computing. Organizations do not require high-powered or high-priced computers to run cloud computing web-based applications. Secondly, there is improved performance through the use of cloud computing. Improved performance arises from low usage of computers memory since there are few programs and processes loading in the computer memory. Other advantages include improved document format compatibility, reduced

Open source intelligence and privacy - criminology Essay

Open source intelligence and privacy - criminology - Essay Example There is also the hope of stopping the incidence of crime, through addressing the causes of crime at the individual level, which can result in social reforms. The pressure to study crimes and criminal behaviour is also fuelled by the wish to comprehend and give an explanation about the incidences of crime and the reactions of society towards it. Again, some scholar, especially philosophers and sociologists, will study crime, so as to know more about it, and also to find out what it tells the people about the society and its problems. In defining crime, the simple definition developed about the area is this: criminology as the collection of knowledge related to the issue of crime, as a social phenomenon. The field of criminology covers – under it – the law making process, the breaking of laws, and the responses offered to the community members that break the law. The objective of the field of criminology is that of developing a body of general and evidence-based knowledge, among other sets of knowledge, about the processes of law, crime and the treatment offered to the breakers of law. On the other hand, computer science is the practical, specific approach to the field of computation and its applications. It is the methodical exploration of the structure, feasibility, expression and the mechanization of algorithms (methodical processes) behind the process of obtaining, illustrating, processing, storing, transmitting and accessing information, whether it is programmed as bits inside a computer memory bank or transcribed inside the protein structures or the genes of human cells. A computer scientist is a specialist in the field of computing and the designing of computational systems. This report will identify the key concepts of computer science from a criminologist’s point of view. The report will also explore the meaning of the concept, the difficulty of putting the field into operation and the relevance of the field

Studies in English Literature Essay Example for Free

Studies in English Literature Essay Henry V, positioned during the critical move from the Theatre to the Globe, can serve as a case study for this kind of economic close reading. It tells a story of continual repositioning, good and bad decisions, business errors, and the workings of a company that was trying to succeed financially but was far from assured of success. From 1598 through 1599, the Chamberlains Men dealt with a series of difficulties. One of these difficulties was related to politics: the companys choice of Henry V as a topic, assuming that it would be topical and popular, and the subsequent return of the earl of Essex in defeat. But most of the companys problems were internal and economic. [3] The search for a theatrical home took up most of the companys energy, through the Blackfriars financial fiasco, in the bitter battles with Giles Allen over their lease (which resulted in pulling down the Theatre), and through their commissioning of Peter Street to build a new theater in Southwark, the Globe. Another major blow was the departure of William Kempe from the company. Henry V shows the strains of making a series of accommodations to fit financial and internal crises: casting changes, location changes, and changes in topical references. These accommodations can be seen in the prologues, in the accommodations to the casting, in the break from 2 Henry IV, and finally, quite possibly, in the Bad Quarto text of 1600. In 1597, James Burbage died, leaving his sons capital invested in the Blackfriars Theater. He had bought the Blackfriars on 4 February 1595/96. [4] His plans to move the company there had been frustrated by the petition of the inhabitants, including the companys own patron, Lord Hunsdon: [W]hereas one Burbage hath lately bought certaine roomes in the same precinct neere adjoyning unto the dwelling houses of the right honourable the Lord Chamberlaine and the Lord of Hunsdon, which romes the said Burbage is now altering and meaneth very shortly to convert and turne the same into a comon playhouse, which will grow to be a very great annoyance and trouble [ldots] both by reason of the great resort and gathering togeather of all manner of vagrant and lewde persons that, under cullor of resorting to the playes, will come thither and worke all manner of mischeefe, and allso to the great pestring and filling up of the same precinct, yf it should please God to send any visitation of sicknesse as heretofore hath been [ldots] and besydes, that the same playhouse is so neere the Church that the noyse of the drummes and trumpetts will greatly disturbe and hinder both the ministers and parishioners in tyme of devine service and sermons [ldots] there hath not at any tyme heretofore been used any comon playh ouse within the same precinct, but that now all players being banished [ldots] from playing within the Cittie by reason of the great inconveniences and ill rule that followeth them, they now thincke to plant them selves in liberties. [5] The petitioners object to the increased traffic, the noise, the nature of the audience (vagrant and lewde persons), and to the possibility of the plague. Perhaps most significant is their statement that the players are banished from the city and now thincke to plant them selves in liberties. It has often been assumed that the freedom sought by the playing companies was primarily political and that the companies were marginalized. [6] Steven Rappaport points out, however, that the liberties were economically attractive to those who wished to avoid city regulation in order to make more money. [7] The liberties were, therefore, enterprise zones, and as such were equally attractive to theatrical companies seeking economic freedom. In short, the inhabitants of Blackfriars successfully blocked the move. The Chamberlains Men were losing their lease at the Theatre and had nowhere to go. Adams, John Cranford. The Globe Playhouse: Its Design and Equipment. 2nd ed. New York: Barnes Noble, 1961. The years all other theatres of its type had to be closed down, refurbished, or replaced. And until its accidental destruction in 1613 the Globe was the principal theatre, public or private, in all London, occupied exclusively by the leading theatrical company, during that companys strongest years. In short the Globe witnessed indeed it helped materially to create the golden years of Elizabethan drama. If for no other reasons this study of the Globe would be justified. But its chief object is to prepare the way for a fuller understanding of Shakespeares plays. The stage for which he wrote differed radically from our modern stage, and as a consequence his techniques and conventions were unlike those of Broadway and Hollywood. As Mr. Tyrone Guthrie observed (in The Listener of April 10, 1958): Shakespeare will always have to be butchered so long as his work has to be produced in a sort of theatre for which the plays were not written, to which they are positively ill-adapted; a sort of theatre designed for effects which are irrelevant to Shakespeares purposes, and inimical to the kind of effects he sought. If we are to comprehend his genius as not only the leading dramatist but also the leading theatre craftsman of his age, we must bring more to a study of his plays than the theatrical assumptions and techniques of today. It is important to the study of Shakespeare and his fellow dramatists to understand the design of an Elizabethan public stage and the extent to which that stage was equipped with fixed or alterable scenery, with traps, machines, and properties all helping to enlarge and sustain the scope and force of dramatic illusion. It is essential, for example, to know where the audience was placed in relation to any given unit of the multiple stage, and whether the inner stages (where such scenes as the murder of Desdemona or the blinding of Gloucester took place) were remote and dimly lighted or were in full view and well lighted. It revives some of the excitement Shakespearean.

Democracy in the uk Essay Example for Free

Democracy in the uk Essay I love reading romance tragedy books. Firstly it gives me the opportunity to identify love; how love growths, what specific element bring the personas close and attached emotionally. Furthermore it gives in-depth information about love and the aspects of love, this is interesting because love is part of everyday life and a lot of people can relate to it which makes it relatable. Secondly the readers (I) feels inclusive and as well as learn from it in order to prevent the mistakes made by the characters in  the book, or to Improve relationships which will benefits me and also it makes the story appealing and interesting. Thirdly reading a romance book is a really great to relax and escape from the day-to-day world. In addition, I paint a picture which helps me create an image in my head which almost seem like I am watching a movie this makes the book very intruding and makes me yearn to read more. There are certain types of genres that I don’t enjoy reading such as fantasies this is because it is unrealistic as it a paint an unrealistic imagine  which doesn’t make the book relatable and most often it discouraging as the readers do not feel inclusive. I would certainly prefer it if it was mixed with a different genre for example romance etc†¦ However it may suitable for people who wants to escape from the real world and have an adventurous reading. For instance children. I enjoy writing when I am depressed or confused this is because it gives me the sense of relief as I get to express my feelings, thoughts and  decision this helps me ease stress all the stress as it doesn’t became a barding so by having this relief I tend to a solution any problem I’m going through. Reading helps me to explore different thing so by this I read almost every day for example newspaper on my way to college, I have an hour 15mintes journey. Reading keep me awake and rejuvenated as I get to read about different this that’s going on in the world and celebrate gossips etc†¦ this helps me to be ready and prepared for my lessons as  my brain helps my brain stay active. I am reading novels I stopped during exams session ‘vampire beach’ and the following novel is called ‘ritual and legacy’ I am very intrude to read this book because I enjoyed reading the other novels as it meets to my expectations and the genre of the book is also about romance, supernatural and seduction which makes it very interesting as there’s different stories in the book because of the riveting, variety of themes as the reader don’t get fatigue.

Operation Management And Strategies Starbucks And Cocacola Marketing Essay

Operation Management And Strategies Starbucks And Cocacola Marketing Essay In this present document we are going to analyze several aspects of operation management and strategies considering two companies: One from the service industry, Starbucks and one for the manufacture industry, Coca Cola. We will study their supply chain and assess its impact on both companies success and profitability. Then we will analyze their operational strategy to determine in which measure it contributes to their competitiveness and we will strive to provide ways in which challenges of the different companies could be overcome so that they can strengthen their own competitive advantage. Finally we will establish a location analysis in order to identify the best place for the companies to implement a new operation. The supply chain refers to the way that materials flow through different organizations, starting with basic raw materials and ending with finished products delivered (Gaither Frazier, 2002). This involved many activities and therefore we have to think about the best way to manage it in order for a company to be successful and profitable. We can then define the supply chain management as a set of approaches utilized to efficiently integrate suppliers, manufacturers, warehouses, and stores, so that merchandise is produced and distributed at the right quantities, to the right locations and the right time, in order to minimize system wide costs while satisfying service legal requirement. (Simchi-Levi, Kaminski, Simchi-Levi, 2003) The Starbucks supply chain is made of the following activities which are either external or internal to Starbucks organization: Coffee producing, importing, manufacturing and roasting, distribution to retail shop, marketing, delivering to the consumer. Supply Chain Starbucks Activities involved from the coffee production to the roasting are external to the company. They can involve many counterparts such as the small coffee producer, the processor, the exporter, the broker and the importer. To optimize these activities Starbucks manage them in many ways emphasizing its commitment to ethical coffee sourcing and fair-trade and global responsibility. Starbucks establishes relationship with growers and distributors and deal directly with farmers. It offers high prices to ensure that poor coffee growers have enough money to cover their production costs and their family needs. It uses fixed prices purchase commitments to limit its exposure to price fluctuations and purchase future contract to provide price protection. Moreover, to spread companys risk linked to the weather and the political and economical issues, Starbucks sources bean from multiple geographic areas. Starbucks commitment to ethical sourcing (it introduced the C.A.F.E program Coffee And Farmer Equity in 2004) allows having a better quality of product, a greater visibility in the supply chain and better relationship with farmers which contribute to reach success and profitability, that is to say to reach its objectives and generate wealth. Activities involved from the roasting to the delivery to the consumer are part of internal elements to the supply chain. They involve many activities such as the manufacturing, the planning, the inventory, the transportation and distribution. The key to reach success and profitability for Starbucks is to set an integrated supply chain operating system based on managing the flows. They manage the materials flows through DRP (Distribution Resource Planning) and TRP (Transportation Requirement Planning). They also put the emphasis on the information flows management to share the relevant information and to detect the supply chain opportunities at different level. The management of the marketing plays also an important role in developing the awareness of the fair trade initiative that helps justify Starbucks premium prices. The Coca Cola supply chain involves many activities namely, the supplies of raw materials and packaging, the manufacture and production of beverage concentrate, the sales to the bottlers and distributors, the Research and Development and the delivery to customer and ultimate consumer. Supply Chain Coca Cola The internal activities of the companies are limited to the manufacture of the concentrated syrup, the selling to the bottlers, the owning of the brands and the consumer branding initiatives. Therefore the companies can focus on its core competencies such as the production of syrup and the brand development to achieve its objectives and reach success. The fact that the bottling is outsourced allows the company to focus on its core competences and therefore ensure certain profitability. The others activities are part of the external supply chain but Coca Cola strives to integrate all the supply chain activities developing a strong partnership with its bottling partners. They are in charge of manufacturing the final product, packaging, distribution and merchandising the beverage to the customer and vending partners who then sell the product to the ultimate consumer. The supplies of raw materials are mostly linked to specific nutritive and non nutritive sweeteners which are available either within the United States or outside. There are numerous sources of raw materials and they are often subject of prices fluctuations. So Coca Cola has a wide choice of raw materials suppliers so that it can spread the prices fluctuation among them and therefore control its supply chain. The procurement suppliers and bottler partners have to meet certain standard to deal with Coca Cola Company and have to commit to guide principles and incorporate sustainability. Consequently Coca Cola can achieve its objective of quality and control. The Coca Cola supply chain organization allows to enhance customer service and to optimize cost and investment. How does each companys operational strategy improve its competitiveness? According to the Competitive Advantage Model of Porter, a competitive advantage refers to the adoption of offensive or defensive action to create defendable position in an industry in order to cope with competitors and generate a superior return on investment. The basis of above average performance within an industry is sustainable competitive advantage which can be either cost leadership or differentiation. Both of the companies we are analyzing have adopted the differentiation strategy. Furthermore the operation strategy is aimed at providing competitive advantage through its performance at the five competitive objectives namely, the quality, the speed, the dependability, the flexibility and the cost. Starbucks operational strategy improves its competitiveness through different ways. First of all Starbucks has understood that developing successful partnership would be a strength to develop competitive advantage first to ensure quality of product and secondly by adopting fair trade and ethical sourcing of coffee. Indeed Starbucks used to develop relationship with the countries it exports the coffee beans from. For example it collaborated with a small town of Pasto where they set up a special operation to grow the particular Narino Supremo bean and Starbucks committed to buy the entire yield which allow to be the exclusive Narino Supremo , one of the best coffees in the world and therefore to build a competitive advantage. The ethical commitment is a strong part of the operational strategy to develop specific partnership with small farmers and strengthen competitiveness. Starbucks has developed a shared planet program where it establishes environmental, social, economic and coffee quality principles to comply with C.A.F.E (Coffee And Farmers Equity) principles guid elines. This program enables Starbucks to differentiate from its competitors. Secondly Starbucks operational strategy tends to expand its market through a number of channels such as licensing stores but also with hospitals, bank, office buildings, supermarkets, shopping centers, hotel and airlines. The strategic operation model of Starbucks is to blanket an area completely even if one store cannibalizes another one because the Starbucks every-where approach cuts down delivery costs and increase the foot traffic in the area (Mr. Coffee, 2003). It develops partnership using local partner licensee who have experience in retail and restaurant in order to provide a good service to customer and fit the corporate culture of the company. Starbucks strives to develop good relation with the partner licensee to help it recruiting talented employee and put the emphasis on the customer service to build sustainable competitive advantage. The key to successful partnership for Starbucks is to share relevant information and communicate on supply chain opportunities to optimize processes. Added to this Starbucks operational strategy focuses on developing a strong corporate culture which enable to strengthen its competitiveness. Starbucks strategy is to empower employee culture through benefits program, employee stock ownership plan and staff and management training. The management staff is trained to understand how every activities of the supply chain fit together so it can be more effective and competitive. Finally Starbucks operational strategy aims at putting the emphasis on the marketing operations in order to differentiate the format. Indeed Starbucks marketing actions have to develop a given image of a small scale and high quality roaster in ethnic culture enclaves who sells not only quality coffee but also an atmosphere, a personality, an escape, the self esteem and therefore an interpersonal relation. This image reflects Starbucks personality and consequently enables the differentiation. Coca Colas operational strategy is aimed at building its competitiveness in many ways. First its operational strategy is customer focused striving to take into account customer needs and providing a response to it in a right way and in a right time. The company sustains its success and competitive advantage by creating new ways to deliver value through innovation responding to customer and consumer needs in a fast way. For example Coca Zero refers to a new consumer need. Secondly Coca Cola put the emphasis on the differentiation to strengthen its competitiveness by building global brand. It invests in marketing campaign to develop a strong image, improve its fame and impose its brand in a global basis. Therefore consumers have developed a loyalty to the brand and Coca Cola owns several brands that consumers are willing to pay a premium price for it. More over it has developed so much economies of scale through global networks that the emphasis on marketing and advertising fix important barriers to entry for potential competitors. Coca Cola also improves its competitiveness by adopting a collaborative approach to work with their suppliers to green their supply chain. It invests in new technologies and innovation to help their suppliers who do not have the ability to do so, for example in investing in new technologies vending machines which are better for the environment. Therefore it gains competitive benefits not only because of the energy savings but also from a corporate social responsibility point of view. Coca Cola has understood that integrate its suppliers would lead to supply chain excellence and therefore to sustain a competitive advantage. Consequently the Company has created Coca Cola Supply which invites all the bottlers partner to participate. The purpose is to provide a system wide leadership to control supply chain through integrated planning, joint initiatives and best practices processes. According to Coca Cola Supply, they are transforming the supply chain from a series of discrete, inconsistent activities to a single, harmonious and sustainable system (Coca-Cola Supply Created to Drive Supply Chain Innovation, 2009). Polar diagrams performance objective of Starbucks and Coca Cola What challenges do the operational strategies present and suggest ways in which they can be overcome. Operations strategy is the decisions which shape the long term capabilities of the companys operations and their contribution to overall strategy through the on-going reconciliation of market requirements and operations resources. Regarding Starbucks operational strategy many challenges could be addressed according different issues in order to be more profitable and to sustain a competitive advantage. The first thing is to always meet the customer needs for value and quality in identifying the best ways of quality processes. This implies that Starbucks has to find more suppliers quality and stability by developing partnership with different coffee farmers in order not to be dependant of only few suppliers. The quality implies also to control more and more of independent vendors, partners and licensees. Indeed the quality is one of the core value of Starbucks and reach it allows first the differentiation and secondly the conformance with customer expectations and avoid customer complaints. Starbucks has to keep developing ethical sourcing which benefits to the companys quality and image. Starbucks should assess the risk of its supply chain especially in raw materials procurement in the different countries and asses the political, geographical, natural, infrastructural risk of each country. Indeed if an incident happen in one of the procurement place Starbucks must not be dependant of few suppliers and should react quickly. It is therefore really important to develop the partnership with different countries in order to prevent late delivery and save costs. One of the challenge Starbucks will have to face is a potential saturation of the US market. Consequently a globe expansion in key market is an operational strategy Starbucks has to develop. The international expansion of the concept involves prospecting efficiently new markets and assessing the potential of success in each market. The key is to find local partner to grow the number of licensed store and impose Starbucks as a global brand. The partner have to share the same values as Starbucks and the company have to help them finding the best talent and train them in order to strengthen more and more the corporate culture. Developing new product is also an important challenge for Starbucks. Indeed the concept is mostly based on a few products which do not allow very much flexibility. Reaching flexibility will enable Starbucks to be more reactive in case of potential change from the market. Consequently the company has to develop innovative product and service while keeping its strong value of quality. For example it should be interesting to develop co-branding with other brand which presents the same value as Starbucks in order to launch new product like the company did in 2004 with Hewlett Packard when they create a CD service burning in a store in California. Coca Cola is one of the biggest brands in the world but even if its renown and profitability is well established there remain important challenges that the company has to cope with. First of all Coca Cola Company possess many brand but one of them generates around 50% of the total revenue. Therefore the company is in way dependent of one brand which can be a limit to its flexibility even if the customer loyalty to the brand is well established. Indeed Coca Cola needs more flexibility in case of market change and especially in case of consumer behavior changes. Besides we can notice a new trend where people become more and more health consciousness and look for nutritive drinks without calories. Therefore a threat of substitutes appears. In order to cope with the potential market change Coca Cola has to put the emphasis on innovation with new brands, products and packaging more adapted to consumers needs and demand. Secondly Coca Cola have to develop ways to be always more and more profitable and efficient. The key is to reduce the cost in order to increase the margin. The areas where the company could reduce these cost is the transportation and the production. Consequently Coca Cola has to identify the best places to buy, make and distribute the product. It has to monitor each region and each country comparing different parameters which will affect the supply chain such as the weather, the port and transportation, the fuel prices, the labor rates and the internal regulations of each country which can provide opportunities. Finally Coca Cola Company has to continue the effort put on green and environmental development. Indeed the company has often benefited from a negative image of a multinational company which tries to reach profit to the detriment of the planet well being. Therefore it has to keep investing in green technologies and support sustainable development with the suppliers in order not only to save energy costs but to benefit from a corporate social responsible company. Each of your company is considering locating a new operation in one of Japan, Thailand and Singapore. Source information on each of these three countries and based on the information found and using the relevant location analysis tools select which country to locate in and support your choice. You need to define why they wish to locate an operation there i.e. what market are they servicing. You should include demographic, infrastructure, cultural, geographic information, etc. Starbucks wants to locate a new operation in Japan, Thailand or Singapore. Indeed the company wants to expand its market on a global basis to cope with a potential saturation of the United States market. Therefore Starbucks wants to develop licensed stores operation in one of these countries. The key factors in such operations are the demographics, the branding and the potential revenue that each country could offer to the company. Therefore the main factors in the decision factors are the following: Quality of life issues in the community: indeed Starbucks targets a relatively high living standard consumer. Worker education and skills: the emphasis of the quality of the staff is really important to strengthen Starbucks Corporate Culture. Site costs: The rent is part of the profitability of the stores. Cultural abilities to modern changes: Starbucks is an American company, and its values have to fit with those of the country choose. Labor availability: It is important for Starbucks to find available talent. Coca Cola Company would like to improve its competitiveness and reduce the cost of transportation and production. Consequently the company would like to set up a new manufacture of syrup in Japan, Thailand or Singapore to reach this objective. Therefore Coca Cola has to monitor each country to assess the potential opportunities it could offer. The main factors in the choice of the location are the following: Proximity to raw materials and suppliers: As a manufacture of syrup, it is important to be closed to the suppliers to reduce costs and improve efficiency. Labor costs: The cheaper is the workforce the greater is the margin. Transportation availability: The products have to be imported to the different bottlers and it is therefore important to optimize the transportation cost. Site costs: The fixed cost linked to the rent should be the least in order to increase profitability. Government fiscal policies: all incentives or taxes impact on the cost. In order to compare each country we will set up a brief overview of each countrys characteristics. Japan has a population of 128 million of inhabitant and is one of the most densely populated countries in the world. With a nominal GDP of about $4,9 trillion in 2008, it is the second richest country in the world. Moreover, with an HDI (Human Development Indicator) of 0.96 it is the tenth highest standard living country. The government is a parliamentary democracy and put the emphasis on the environmental and sustainable development. The infrastructures are well developed and Japan is open in the world. According to the Big Mac Index Japanese people have the highest salary per hour in the world and the unemployment is low with a rate of 4%. Education is quite competitive and 75% of high school graduates attend a university. The culture has seen deep change from a very traditional to contemporary one. It influences by Europe and North America. Japanese people are quite open to modern changes. Thailand has a population of 64 million of inhabitants and a nominal GDP in 2008 of about $273 billion and a medium HDI of 0.783. Thailand has been ranked by the Global Competitiveness Report of 2008 34 out of 125. The quality of education is medium but tends to improve through the private education. The cost of labor remains quite low and unskilled. The government has seen many changes since the last few years but tend today to be stable. It supports today through the National Science and Technology Development Agency the research in science and technology and encourage foreign private investment in this field. Thailand remains a very traditional country where tradition is strongly established. Concerning Singapore, with a population of 5 million of inhabitants and a nominal GDP of 182 billion in 2008 it presents a high standard of living with a HDI of 0.944. It is the least corrupt country in Asia and is a highly market based economy (one of the four Asian Tiger). Singapore has developed free trade agreement with USA in 2003. The unemployment is low and is about 5% and we can notice a shortage of skilled workers. Manufacturing constituted 26% of Singapores GDP in 2005. Singapore has one of the busiest ports in the world and is the worlds fourth largest foreign exchange trading center. Singapore is a major international transportation in Asia. Singapores culture is still very traditional society. In order to choose in which country we will operate we are going to use the Factor rating method which is useful for service and industrial location and which is one of the most widely used location technique. (C1= Japan, C2=Thailand, C3=Singapore) STARBUCKS FACTOR RATING METHOD Factors Weight Rate C1 RateC2 RateC3 ScoreC1 ScoreC2 ScoreC3 Quality of life issues in the community 30 90 60 75 2700 1800 2250 Worker education and skills 20 80 50 65 1600 1000 1300 Site costs 15 60 70 65 900 1050 975 Cultural abilities to modern changes 25 80 50 60 2000 1250 1500 Labor availability 10 85 60 70 850 600 700 Total 8050 5700 6725 According to the Factor rating Method, Starbucks should implement its new operations in Japan in order to be successful, profitable and therefore achieve its objective of expanding in new markets. COCA COLA FACTOR RATING METHOD Factors Weight Rate C1 RateC2 RateC3 ScoreC1 ScoreC2 ScoreC3 Proximity to raw materials suppliers 25 60 55 65 1500 1375 1625 Labor costs 20 55 80 70 1100 1600 1400 Transportation availability 25 70 55 85 1750 1375 2125 Site costs 20 60 70 65 1200 1400 1300 Government fiscal policies 10 60 60 70 600 600 700 Total 6150 6350 7150 According to the Rating Factor Method Coca Cola should implement its new manufacture in Singapore in order to reduce its costs of production and transportation. Indeed that is the country which offers the most opportunities to do so in term of proximity to suppliers, transportation costs and labor costs.

Effect Of Temp On Endo And Ectotherms (metabolism) :: essays research papers

Animal metabolism consists of the utilization of nutrients absorbed from the digestive tract and their catabolism as fuel for energy or their conversion into substances of the body. Metabolism is a continuous process because the molecules and even most cells of the body have brief lifetimes and are constantly replaced, while tissue as a whole maintains its characteristic structure. This constant rebuilding process without a net change in the amount of a cell constituent is known as dynamic equilibrium (Grolier1996). In the combustion of food, oxygen is used and carbon dioxide is given off. The rate of oxygen consumption indicates the energy expenditure of an organism, or its metabolic rate (Grolier1996).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Metabolic rate is directly linked to the core temperature in an animal. An ectotherm, or cold blooded animal, warms its body mainly by absorbing heat from its surroundings. The amount of heat it derives from its metabolism is negligible. In contrast, endotherms derive most or all of its body heat from its own metabolism (Campbells,p899). Because ectotherms do not produce their own heat, they cannot actively ensure their ideal temperature for an ideal metabolic rate (aquacult.htp).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the following experiment, we will attempt to examine the relationship between metabolic rate and environmental temperature in both an ectoderm and an endotherm. I predict that for the ectotherm, the metabolic rate will increase as the outside environment temperature will increase. I also predict that the metabolic rate in the endotherm will remain relatively the same as the outside environment temperature changes. I also make the prediction that the ectotherm will have much lower metabolic rates than the endotherm.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The procedures for this experiment are those that are referred to in Duncan and Townsend, 1996 p9-7. In our experiment however, each student group chose a temperature of either 5 C, 10 C, 15 C, or 20 C. Each group selected a crayfish, and placed it in an erlenmeyer flask filled with distilled water. The flask’s O2 levels had already been measured. the flask was then placed in a water bath of the selected temperature for thirty minutes, and then the O2 levels were measured again. Each group shared their findings with the class. The metabolic rates of the mouse were conducted by the instructor and distributed. We also did not use the Winkler method to measure the O2 levels. We used a measuring device instead.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The results of this experiment are shown in the compiled student data in Table 1 below.

Present Career, Carrer Interest, and the Value of a College Education E

Conflicts Resolutions within Work Groups   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many things to consider when talking about working within a group. One of the major things is conflicts between the group’s members. People will always have conflicts among themselves and with others; it is just a way of life. One of the conflicts that occur within a group is Lack of Leadership, someone needs to be in charge and keep everyone else pointed in the right direction. Another conflict among groups is Group Roles; everyone needs to know where they fit into the puzzle and what is expected of them. Also everyone needs to have coinciding Schedules, that way you know the work is getting done. All of theses problems add up to one of the biggest issues in a group, which is Disagreements and or Arguments. When one thinks of leadership the first thing that enters there mine is Mentoring. Having the power and the ability to guide, motivate and lead others in any given task are concrete attributes of a good leader. When one or all of these does not happen there is probably a good sign of lack of leadership. Bosses are often accused of not motivation their workers. They assume that if a person is hired for a job they should perform their job and the motivation should come from the fact that they are receiving a paycheck. This could be deemed as a true statement if the company does not believe in promoting a team environment. When a boss, director, group leader or who ever is put in to a leadership position does not motivate their subordinate there is usually a lack in performance. People enjoy working for leaders with good motivational skills. Motivation skills discover what people are capable of doing and how well they can do it, plus encourage them to strive to do more while taking pride in what they have done. All leaders have to make decision. Once a leader demonstrate poor decision making skills it is extremely hard to be effective. This leader will find it very hard to get people to trust his or her decision. Poor decision would be a decision made with little regards of the consequences. Poor decisions are often made with little consideration for others. This leader will not be an effective leader without getting training and develop techniques for good decision making. Poor communication can be very damaging in any environment. A poor communicator transmits in a way th... ...resolution may also be employed. This method digresses to a loser and a winner. Once the competition is complete, one team member(s) is triumphant at the expense of their opposition. Although this method can be used constructively, it may also result in a further wedge between the team members.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Collaboration is the accumulation of all of the member's contributions. It meets the team’s goals, while supporting the individual needs of the team members. It often involves a more creative approach than the other methods, and usually results in an entirely different solution than used in the past. Collaboration is the exact opposite of all of the other methods, and can involve more time being needed to resolve the issue.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many different conflicts to consider when talking about working within a group. Leadership, Roles, Schedules, and Disagreements will always be an issue when people have to come together and work as a team. Though by working as a team the team members can band together to overpower or conquer the issues at hand. People will always have conflicts among themselves and with others; it is just a way of life

One Summer Night :: essays research papers

Remember the day’s when you were once a teenager? Their were so many decisions to make and choices to choose from; yet so many advantages. Now can you remember all of the good times that you had? Always hanging out with your friends, gossiping, having sleep over’s, talking on the phone constantly, and all of the teacher’s whose class you dreaded.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Now I want you to imagine that it is the last day before summer break. Your parents are taking a trip to Kentucky Lake with some friends, so your stuck home all alone. So you’re pondering what all you could manage to stir up.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The question isn’t â€Å"what are you going to do† its â€Å"what aren’t you going to do†. What would a normal teenager do on a basis like this. You would just have to be a fool to not have a party. I know a party never works out, your parents always got to find out some way or another. But, maybe just this one time a teenager could actually out smart their all knowing all seeing, parents.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Don’t get me wrong, I not completely a renegade teenager. I followed my parents rules, for awhile. I watched a movie and fixed me some popcorn. But as far as friends coming over, I didn’t just bend the rule, I broke it completely in half.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Most of my friends showed up, in all there were about thirty-two, including myself. I got some cool jams, some strobe lights, a fog machine, a black light, and just a few more gadgets to play around with.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Well, the party kicked off around 6:30. It didn’t start off on a bad note and it began to heat up about 7:00. Half-way through the party, a fight broke out between Chad and Mike. I wasn’t going to break it up, as a matter of fact I thought that the whole thing was hilarious.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At every party something bad has always got to happen. It wasn’t the fight which broke out it was the phone call afterwards. Let me tell you this, it wasn’t the pizza boy who lost his way, it’s your mother checking up on her â€Å"little baby boy†. One Summer Night :: essays research papers Remember the day’s when you were once a teenager? Their were so many decisions to make and choices to choose from; yet so many advantages. Now can you remember all of the good times that you had? Always hanging out with your friends, gossiping, having sleep over’s, talking on the phone constantly, and all of the teacher’s whose class you dreaded.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Now I want you to imagine that it is the last day before summer break. Your parents are taking a trip to Kentucky Lake with some friends, so your stuck home all alone. So you’re pondering what all you could manage to stir up.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The question isn’t â€Å"what are you going to do† its â€Å"what aren’t you going to do†. What would a normal teenager do on a basis like this. You would just have to be a fool to not have a party. I know a party never works out, your parents always got to find out some way or another. But, maybe just this one time a teenager could actually out smart their all knowing all seeing, parents.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Don’t get me wrong, I not completely a renegade teenager. I followed my parents rules, for awhile. I watched a movie and fixed me some popcorn. But as far as friends coming over, I didn’t just bend the rule, I broke it completely in half.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Most of my friends showed up, in all there were about thirty-two, including myself. I got some cool jams, some strobe lights, a fog machine, a black light, and just a few more gadgets to play around with.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Well, the party kicked off around 6:30. It didn’t start off on a bad note and it began to heat up about 7:00. Half-way through the party, a fight broke out between Chad and Mike. I wasn’t going to break it up, as a matter of fact I thought that the whole thing was hilarious.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At every party something bad has always got to happen. It wasn’t the fight which broke out it was the phone call afterwards. Let me tell you this, it wasn’t the pizza boy who lost his way, it’s your mother checking up on her â€Å"little baby boy†.

Debate on genetically modified food crops Essay

In today’s world there are as many people suffering and dying due to various diseases as many as, people dying from hunger and starvation. As a society with communal harmony and social responsibility towards to the community what is the best thing to do: feed the hungry with such food which could cause more diseases and serious deaths or find a solution to already existing diseases and reduce their suffering. The genetically modified food and crops have had a varied type of effects on humans, animals, and environment. The impact of these foods and crops can be understood based on various considerations such as: the principle of general human welfare, the maintenance of people’s rights and the principle of justice, the need to ensure food security for present and future generations, safety for consumers and care of the environment. In terms of controversies, one of the greatest concerns is the long-term health effects that genetically modified foods will have on human health. With this technology being so new, long term studies have not been conducted to confirm that this process is in fact safe. Thus, here we try to explain all these aspects in detail and there by explain the harmful effects of genetically modified crops and food. WHAT ARE GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOODS AND CROPS? THE ORIGIN It all started way back in 1980s when in the field of ‘biotechnology’, regular experiments were being conducted on ‘possibility of genetic modifications’ in organisms. In 1946 scientists discovered that they could transfer DNA among organisms. This paved the way for their search in the process of genetic modifications. In 1983 the first genetically modified crop was produced. It was an antibiotic resistant tobacco plant. The research on genetic modification was further enhanced, when scientist discovered that the modification process could be used to introduce nutrients and vitamins to enrich foods. THE PROCESS Manipulating the genetic composition of an organism by adding some specific useful genes is referred to as ‘genetic modifications’. The DNA is located in the chromosomes which has the genes that are modified. Genes carry information about genetically inherited characteristics of the organism. Thus the crops developed like this are known as genetically modified [GMO] crops, transgenic crops or genetically engineered [GE] crops. The main steps involved in the development of GM crops are: 1. Isolation of the gene(s) of interest. 2. Insertion of the gene(s) into a transfer vector: 3. Plant transformation 4. Selection of the modified plant cells: 5. Regeneration into whole plants via tissue culture 6. Verification of transformation and characterization of the inserted DNA fragment. 7. Testing of plant performance 8. Safety assessment. Commercially, four genetically modified crops dominate global biotech agriculture with soybeans accounting for 60% of GM crop area, maize accounting for 23% of GM crop area, cotton accounting for 11% of GM crop area, and canola accounting for 6% of GM crop area. WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF GMO FOODS? The effects of GMO foods can be broadly classified among the following categories: Impact on health Impact on environment Impact on farming Economics and social threats IMPACT ON HEALTH Deaths and near deaths: A genetically modified version of the food supplement was released without safety tests, which lead to 37 deaths and approximately 1500 more were disabled. Cancer and Diseases GH is a protein hormone which, when injected into cows stimulates the pituitary gland in a way that the produces more milk, thus making milk production more profitable for the large dairy corporations. it is a very potent chemical hormone that has been linked to a 2. 5 to 4 times higher risk of human colorectal and breast cancer. Prostate cancer risk is considered equally serious – in the 2,8.to 4 times range. Allergies A documented case states that genetic modification involving transfer of a gene from a brazil nut to soybean led to transfer of allergens. Medical tests of people known to be allergic to Brazil nuts were conducted for the appropriate antibody response to the transferred gene. Seven out of nine individuals showed a positive response. This adverse result alerted the company and the work was discontinued so the product was not even submitted to the regulatory authorities. IMPACT ON ENVIRONMENT. Toxicity to soil Extinction of seed varieties Super weeds Killing beneficial insects IMPACT ON FARMING Harm to small family farms The small farmers are already a facing financial crisis with overwhelming debts and low prices for their produce. By introducing GM crops we will be adding to the misery of the farmers. Here the cost of production will be more and since there is no demand for these products the farmer will have to sell the produce at a very low price. The farmer also has to pay for the patentship of the seeds he buys from. Monopolization Of Food Production If the GMO crops enter the market they would be a monopoly market. The customers should be given the choice to choose between ‘natural’ food and transgenic food. Not only will the farmers suffer but the customers will have no option but to buy GMO products. The GMO foods is a very large industry it includes the owner to take patent ship on his specifications of ‘gene modifications’ and has to pay licensing. Thus, increasing the overall cost of the product. ECONOMICS AND SOCIAL THREATS. In past Britishers colonized many countries with technology and superior armies hence farmers had perception that with both control of genetic and agricultural resources would act as powerful weapon for the invasion of cultures. Without proper labelling of genetically modified food violates and harms the right to know what is in our foods – given the list of health, environmental, and socio-political reasons to avoid GM ingredients. Even if GM foods were 100% safe, the consumer has a right to know such ingredients – due to their much potential harm. The genetic modification of plants involves transferring DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), the genetic material, from a plant or bacterium, or even an animal, into a different plant species. Because we can increasingly identify which gene or genes determine particular characteristics, the appropriate genes can now be inserted directly into the plants we wish to modify. Although techniques required to create GM crops are recent and relatively sophisticated, genetic modification is in most respects an extension of what has been happening for ten thousand years. The primitive ancestors of almost all modern food crops are barely recognisable to the lay person; maize ears, for instance, were half an inch long rather than the eight or nine inches of their modern descendants. ETHICAL ISSUES & SOCIAL ISSUES Introduction to any technological advances reflects three principles. The first one, general welfare which works to promote the interest of citizens. The second one, rights of the people which work to promote their rights to freedom of their choice. The third one being the principal of justice which requires the policies to be followed fairly shared. These principles lead to Does this methodology promote welfare of people by providing food safety and reducing the usage of pests? Or this possesses unknown risks and environmental problems which lead to avoid them? How far this technology can provide right to customers to about the content of their food they are taking? How can the scientists conduct their research in ways to protect their intellectual integrity? Who will be beneficial due to this advances and obligations to compensate others? GM are used as a image for social welfare but it is unethical to treat nature in an ‘industrial’ fashion not because of the unfortunate consequences of so doing ,but because of they believe it is intrinsically wrong After examining all the scientific evidence in the light of the ethical considerations, they said that the genetic modification of crop plants, as so far developed, does not differ to such an extent from conventional plant breeding or other human interventions with the natural world as to make the process morally objectionable in itself. GM technology is a new tool which plant breeders are using to achieve their breeding goals more accurately and rapidly. the combinations of, for example, bacterial and plant genes in GM crops are very unlikely to be found or impossible to realise in nature. However, provided that potential side effects are thoroughly assessed, we do not consider that the generation of such new combinations should be prohibited. ALARMING EFFECTS: GM crops are developed with an aim to fix the nitrogen, resist the draught and to improve yield and to meet the demand of market. These goals lead to development of multibillion dollar industry controlled by corporate giants. According to studies in US it has been confirmed that â€Å"the miracle crops have not materialised. GM crops grown have two simple characteristics in the world. More than 70% are tolerant to broad-spectrum herbicides, with companies engineering plants to be tolerant to their own brand of herbicide, while the rest are engineered with bt-toxins to kill insect pests. A total of 65 million acres were planted in 1998 within the US, Argentina and Canada. The latest surveys on GM crops in the US, the largest grower by far, showed no significant benefit. On the contrary, the most widely grown GM crops – herbicide-tolerant soya beans – yielded on average 6. 7% less and required two to five times more herbicides than non-GM varieties†. These figures simply show that the GM crops do not show any effect. The herbicide tolerant weeds and b-t resistant insect pests are formed due to the GM crops. The herbicides not only decimated the wild species but also toxic to animals. These herbicide causes birth defects in mammals, and some lead to cancer in white blood cells. The bt-resistant insect pests kill insects such as bees and butterflies. There is enough food to feed in this world. But, the reason why our statistics showed that billions of people are hungry is that these resources are under the control of corporate monopolies. Hence the poor are becoming further poor. The new patents on developing GM crops helps these corporate giants further and prevent the farmers from saving and replanting seeds which are major source of their income. The development of new crops further intensifies these corporate and threats the living. It seriously cause unemployment increases debt and threaten farming systems and environmental damage. There have been many arguments that GM crops enhance nutritional value by incorporating genes to increase nutrients, iron content. But malnutrition occurred due to the substitution of diet provided by traditional farming. These agricultural practices deplete and remove nutrients from the soil resulting in the change of nutritional value of all food crops worse. Nothing GMO crops or technologies can change this trend. The mal nutrition problem can be solved only by new sustainable farming methods and recovering biodiversity. There are also unpredictable risks involved in this incorporation of genes. More observed is horizontal gene transfer i. e. , transferring of gene directly to some unrelated species. It gives rise to new bacteria and viruses that cause diseases and also spread antibiotic and drug resistances among the pathogens. These transgenic DNA resulted untreatable new viruses and bacteria can also spread to organisms in any environment including the human body. This transgenic DNA also leads to cancer. The main reason for the increase in food prices is increase in bio fuel production. The giant corporate that are producing GM crops are lobbying for bio fuels and are using the opportunity of this food crisis to promote their GM foods. Here GM crops are not for solving food crisis but food crisis is being used to improve the fortunes of GM industry which meant to be a profit based firm. â€Å"The main aim for these corporate is that they’re just using the current food crisis and the fuel crisis as a mechanism to make GM crops profitable by advertising that GM crops can solve the problem of Drought and feeds the world. Despite 20 years of research in US and commercialization, it has been proved that GM failed to increase the yield which proved that traditional farming gains upper hand over genetic engineering techniques. It has also proved that there have been better techniques like â€Å"agro ecological farming† to meet the challenges of hunger, poverty etc., other innovative low input or methods of controlling pests and increasing yields are integrated pest management. This method is imprecise way of incorporating genes (may be foreign genetic from virus, bacteria) into crops with unknown consequences. These foods have taken only little but no long term safety testing. Animal feeding tests has shown some bad health effects. Only some studies meant to be on humans who showed unexpected effects on gut bacteria but has never further carried out. It has also realised that foods unlabelled caused millions of premature deaths in US. By considering the statistics in US on prices of GM crops it has showed that prices increases dramatically cutting the average farm’s income of farmers. These lead to long term disaster to farmers. GM provides patents to certain big giants that allow control over food supply which have a history of toxic contamination and public deception. They harass the farmers of saving seeds or genes even if genes got through contamination by winds or insects. Their price fixation leads to short income to farmers and price rise to market which destroys the farmer’s livelihood. Statistics revealed that in 1989, 37 people are died and 1300 were disabled due to release of GM foods without safety tests. There is also a chance that people who are allergic to certain genes can lead to shock and death if GM products do not disclose their information. RECOMMENDATIONS Traditional Breeding is preferred over Genetically Modified Crops because of following reasons. 1. Genetically modification crops decreases the yield, Traditional breeding improves the yield Genetically Modified Crops were assumed to increases the yield. Instead experimental results showed that they decrease the yield in most cases. The results of Differences in yields between conventional and GM soybeans is as follows. The conventional breeding showed an increase in yield and these are much drought resistant. Hence, traditional breeding need to be implemented rather than Genetically Modified Crops. Fig: Differences in yields between conventional and GM soybeans 2. Genetically Modified Crops increases the pesticide use Genetically Modified Crops requires more pesticide use than the conventional crops. It is not at all good to consume the food with pesticide content above the tolerable level. This may lead to several dangerous health issues. 3. Risks of Toxicity in genetically modified crops. Many health hazards were caused due to higher risks of toxicity. This leads to allergen city, antibiotic resistance, immune-suppression and cancer. As for environmental impacts, the use of genetic practices in agriculture will lead to biological pollution, threatening numerous microbial, plant and animal species with extinction, and the potential contamination of all non-genetically engineered life forms with novel and possibly hazardous genetic material. 4. Genetically Modified crops and Non-Genetically modified crops cannot coexist. Trends in the planting of GM and organic crops suggest that the growth of the GM crop area has impeded the development of the organic cultivation. A study in Spain, has found that GM maize has caused a drastic reduction in organic cultivations of this grain and is making their coexistence practically impossible CONCLUSION Genetically modified foods had a great impact by solving many problems such as malnutrition, hunger and starvation but the after effects of consuming these genetically modified crops are very harmful. Because they not only solved the problem of starvation but also indirectly became the reason for various hazardous effects on human health. Genetically modified crops are the impractical ways of producing the crop and violating the natural breeding. Such impractical production will include many viruses and bacteria contained in it which are very harmful for the mankind in the long run. There exist many other ways of feeding the hunger than incorporating the genetically modified crops into our system. These genetically modified foods not only harm the human health but indeed they will also affect the environment because they contain a lot more pesticides and herbicides which are toxic and even the farmer and the people working around have bad impact. Even though this technology of genetically modified foods provide a lot more benefits to the environment there exits many potential risks by adopting this technology. All those people who so ever is involved in the development of genetically modified crops need to recognise and take the responsibility to the public. They need to ensure that the new technologies adapted by them are safe for the human health as well as they would no longer affect environment even in the long run. The planting of the genetically modified crops must be done precisely by limiting the plantation and constantly monitoring the side effects and the uses of incorporating genetic technology in farming. Even the farmers should use the caution concerning the development and spread of these genetically modified crops because even the farmers are badly affected by the adverse effects of the virus and even the insects are becoming resistant to these pesticides. â€Å"I suspect that one day the effects of GM contamination will dwarf both the financial meltdown and peak oil. † Anonymous. REFERNECES http://www. raw-wisdom. com/50harmful. http://www. globalhealingcenter. com/nutrition/genetically-modified-foods http://www. csa. com/discoveryguides/gmfood/overview. php http://www. nepadbiosafety. net/for-regulators/resources/subjects/biotechnology/process-of-developing-genetically-modified-gm-crops.

The Positive Effects of the Internet

Positive personal effectuate of the cyberspace net, as approximately of us k straight off, is a bear-sized net manoeuvre of ne dickensrks, which communicate with each some separate by manner of data packets. profit is regarded as the largest education base. Today, profits has mystify an integral part of our daily lives. We compute on the Internet to update ourselves astir(predicate) current parole and rely on the communication platform it offers to sting in touch with our near angiotensin converting enzymes. The entropy from e precise(prenominal) around the human beingness is plainly a click by, micturate thanks to the Internet. Internet has sure as shooting affected the society peremptoryly. With the on set forth of the Internet, regain to information has become easy.Internet has served being an high-octane and organized stor duration of information. Internet as hypothesize engines ar the best information retrieval systems that atomic number 18 fu nctional over the Internet. typing in a simple chase query to a search engine fetches you thousands of search results. Moreover, the ranking strategies adopted by the search engines ensure that the most pertinent results atomic number 18 delivered to you on priority. The search engines weirdie over all the information that determinems relevant to your search query. They retrieve the most relevant results in top order, thus service of process you fetch the required information with spacious ease.Information is truly a click a r break throughe The Internet provides some of the most good office of communication. Emails and instant mess grows check shake up online communication possible. Social net workings and blogging websites and online discussion forums confound proved being popular platforms of expression. mess in diverse parts of the world preempt collaborate over the Internet. They thr wiz exchange views, piece of land information and work to postulateher over the Internet. It was the development of the Internet that made online education and distance learning possible.Professionals working in physicl re topy contrasted locations can collaborate their efforts, thanks to the Internet. Today, the Internet is a part of every demesne of animation sentence. Looking at the spacious depart of the confirmatory effectuate of Internet, it is sure to understand in future similarly Go through with(predicate) these basic Internet monetary value for a technical know-how of the world wide web. As with any new technology, everyone is perpetually colloquying to the highest degree the contradict posture effects of the profit and saying how it ruins historical face to face relationship, fills our minds with smear and injure our eyes and melts our brains.As usual its the scourge mongers whose voices be most hear in the media and its gotten to such a argue that good deal begin to feel vile when they boot up their computer. The uni form things were give tongue to rough rock symphony when records were at their most popular, and about televisions when they were first invented. The occurrence of the matter remains however that we dumb rehearse both music players and televisions and that the ne twork isnt going anywhere either. The solid ground for this is that although all these things do buzz off a a few(prenominal) d admitsides (like anything), they as well have a p allowhora of upsides.The optimistic effects of network use distant outweigh the negatives, whether youre a child, a pensioner or a logical argument man and to say otherwise is non hardly menial minded exclusively destructive. Before we attain onto the coercive effects of meshing use, lets set forth with these much touted negative side effects. The naysayers would have us conceive that the net income pr dismantlets us from interacting on a face to face basis and destroys grey fashioned pursuits of writing letters and spee chmaking on the phone sight even meet their spouses online these daysWith business and pay now handled online were too furthest too dependent on the internet and would be at a passing game should it break down. With the internet in our poke were now never baffled and are at our boss beck and call 24 hours a day. Our argot card are too much nonimmune than ever to fraud and theft And through all this were acquire addicting and neglecting our genuinely relationships, stuck inside in a more(prenominal) and more hermit like existence.They as well say that sitting in foregoing of a computer prevents us from tieting outside and b ingesting in fresh note and instead gives us repetitive inventory injuries, hunched over spines and square eyes. As though this wasnt enough, when we are sit down inside on the computer were mostly looking at filth as thats what the internet is comprised of and having so much enticement and porn at our find tips can only be a grim thing. The temptation isnt limited to porn though were likewise surrounded by enceinte investments and all-to-easy online shops not to mention gambling sites.And its not just ourselves we affect online we also damage industries by downloading shrive books and music and downloading pirated movies. The internet provides a hiding mall for all the perverts and weirdoes to meet online and to have words about completely irresponsible and anti affectionate subjects in a way that they could never study away with online. Adverts for penis enlargement, Viagra and zooerastia pop up every two minutes and find their way into our inboxes. neer mind the positive effects of internet use all this is something youre unforced to expose your children to?The truth of the matter though is that all these things are simply symptoms of our own psyche as a hightail it and if you look at them slightly other than youll guess that numerous of these downsides very demo progress and the positive effects of internet use. Firstly, the accusation that the internet ruins real life relationships is a bit of a misnomer and perhaps what citizenry are forgetting here is that those quite a little at the other ends of e-mails and on sociable networking sites actually are real life large number too.In the case of sites such as Facebook and others then, youre actually more in contact with people than you would be otherwise and in item ask never lose contact with anyone ever again. romantic relationships also benefit from the internet and if you ask any long-distance couple theyll very easily be able to jolt you off some positive effects of internet use as it allows them to talk every night without wracking up a ridiculously long phone schnoz on Skype or MSN, and how it even allows them to see each other on the webcam.And for those who actually meet online so what? For those who lack the social skills or the opportunity to meet people in more traditional ship canal (and whats so elega nt about snogging mortal drunkenly in a club anyway? ), it can be a great way to meet someone that they might not otherwise. Taking away the physical agent to begin with may even dupe the relationship less(prenominal) shallow and get both parties to visit new and exotic locations. There are also positive effects of internet usage in business.While its truthful that office workers are now disbursal less and less age relaxing with no internet connection and so no readiness to work it also means that they have to slay fewer trips into the office and means that some people can now work entirely from home and set up their own businesses. And by working from home what we rattling mean, again thanks to the internet, is working from anywhere piece travelling, in a pub or while chilling in the hot tub. It also means fewer business trips oversea when people can refer motion-picture show conferences far more easily which means more time with the family and less damage to the envi ronment.Whod have thought being eco-friendly would be one of the positive effects of internet use? While many technologies have taken jobs away from the public, the internet has slacked up a wealthiness of opportunities and heralded an age where anyone can be published and anyone can be an entrepreneur. eventide if you only sell a few old items on e-bay anyone can make money online. With the nonpareil Child One Laptop scheme thats art gallery to Africa, and the large-scale attempts to provide the continent with a secure internet connection this could see one of the largest continents joining us online to share their views and earn themselves some money.This provide give them access to all the education they could requisite as well as the resources theyd need to make the most of that. legion(predicate) of them could see themselves working their way out of poverty and online they can expect the same wages as other continents as its faceless nature eradicates discrimination. O ne of the positive effects of internet use then is that it could help some people in escaping from the poverty trap. And yes more of our personal information is now available online and to an extent that does go out us vulnerable.At the same time however, bank robberies are a thing of the bypast and most of us no eight-day carry more than ? 20 on us at a time. If we are careful and follow the guidelines advised by the banks and online businesses, then our data should be safer than it was originally its shredding the hard copies you need to be careful of. And the internet is full of filth. surface okay thats quite true, but to be fair thats not all its filled with either. obscure from anything else the internet is filled with intimacy and information. If youre friend or your child started spending lots of time in the subroutine library youd be impressed business?Well the internet is essentially the largest library of all, and even if you dont aim to use it for learning pur poses its lovely hard to go online without learning something. The news for instance is flashed on most search engines and e-mail providers home pages and its far to tempting not to use Wikipedia as a means to settle debates and disagreements. Wikipedia and other sites in everyday in fact provide almost everything you could ever need to know right at your finger tips. Furthermore, simply interacting with people from other cultures is curb to help make you more polite and worldly.Just getting to see other peoples points of view on forums and in chat rooms (and sharing their point of view is something people are only too pleased to do online, just check out YouTube for proof) will make you more open minded and a more reasoned critic. Improve your knowledge and informing your points of view are two of the most important positive effects of internet use. As for all that temptation Well the amount of porn on the internet really only reflects how sex-obsessed we are as a culture and b laming the internet isnt going to achieve anything.If someone really regards to access porn theyll find a way, and surely its wagerer that they vent their sexual frustration in a safe environment and for dispense with? And anyway, masturbation in itself is completely infixed and not unhealthy so thithers not really anything to be worried about. Sure theres some rather extreme flood on there, but that will everlastingly exist internet or no, and if you want to prevent you kids from seeing it you just need to set up a filter. And as for those all too easy online shops, most of them provide significant discounts on their items consequence that you can afford to be a bit more strongistic.In doing so youre also putting money pole into the economy, so again what many people view as a bad thing is actually one of the positive effects of internet use. Destroying industry and providing a ramble for these deviant subcultures to converse? Those too are perhaps the most positive effec ts of internet use. These are the things that control to change the way politics and business work forever and potentially hall porter in a new age of supreme democracy and resources. Granted, there are some sub groups online that wed believably rather there werent, but at least if theyre online they can talk to each other and leave us alone.Other subcultures however simply reflect different ways of thinking and the internet gives them an open forum to publishly express themselves, something that everyone has a right to do. The anonymity and freedom that the internet gives us can also be a good thing as well as bad. On the one hand it does allow people to get away with things they would otherwise, and to lie about their identity. On the other hand however it also further oils the cogs of democracy by large-minded people an opportunity to speak freely without fear of retribution and gives everyone a voice.It also gives people the opportunity to try out different personas and sh ed their social foreboding which can be a liberating experience. On the internet racism is also impossible when anonymity is observed it is a place where people are judged only on the quality of their contributions. This expression then gives a voice to those who wouldnt be heard otherwise, and petitioning can take part on a global level where people are united by generate rather than geographical location.Soon governments may take advantage of this open forum and start listening more closely an age may exist where we all get a say on every decision that affects us, where we act as one mind in decisions that affect the general public, but as completely main(a) and free individuals the rest of the time. And as for the free exchange of movies, books and CDs well many companies and artists have found that by freely distributing their material they actually make much more money by generating a bigger following. Information is a resource that will never run dry and so to charge for it could be seen as immoral.Particularly as the internet allows all of us to execute and market our own work. In time then, most things will be free and money will mostly be made via advertising sponsorship. So in conclusion, the positive effects of internet use have only just begun, and if we bide as we are and ignore the bearish doom-mongers then it wont be long before weve heralded in a new age where true democracy and the free flow of information and art are commonplace. With this in mind, who really cares if its full of porn?