Nursing Ethic Involving Informatics Daniel O Brien Essay

Nursing Ethic Involving Informatics Daniel O’Brien University of Louisiana Lafayette Author Note Correspondence regarding this paper should be addressed to Daniel M. O’Brien, Baton Rouge, LA, 70817. E-mail: dmo9257@louisiana.edu Abstract Ethics is part of the decision making process that a nurse uses and is a foundation of nursing. Nursing needs ethical standards to rely on in order to provide quality care for patients and to keep them from harm while respecting their wishes (da Silva Santos, Cartaxo, Buriti 2016). Ethics is defined as a guide, or a code, that given populations use to model behaviors (Finkelman Kenner 2016). When referring to the nursing profession, ethics are the driving factor when considering what is right and wrong. The goal of ethics in nursing is to provide a means to support the decision making process of the patient. Nursing informatics will be specifically discussed as a resource for the purposes of this paper. Only peer-reviewed articles from professional journals were reviewed. The ethical dilemmas the author will present surround the use of informatics in technology and how they now arise in the medical profession, with nursing in particular. The nursing code of ethics addresses the issues of patient rights. The nursing code of ethics challenges the nurse to provide complete and accurate information in order to facilitate informed consent, while weighing the benefits, responsibilities, and options for treatment (ANA

A Letter For Student Affairs - 1538 Words

To: Jeffery Waple, Vice Chancelor for Student Affairs From: Anonymous group of concerned students This letter is anonymous to remove any bias from whatever decision may be made final with what to do with the information discussed in this letter. Also, to protect the interest of my fellow students as coworkers and the management of Cougar Lanes for which I and the group of students with which I associate have come to enjoy the atmosphere they provide and whose involvement in this was unknown to them. I was chosen by my group of friends to write this perhaps because I may be the most outspoken on the subject, but keep in mind that I speak for more than just myself, but for all the other students that patronize the recreation center on†¦show more content†¦Next, I immediately consulted everyone in the rec center that night even the students who were not in my immediate group of friends. Although the sample size of the survey taken that evening was small compared to the entire student body between my group and all other patrons w e are well represented and a carbon copy of the diverse student body of the school, ranging from black, white, Asian, Indian, Mexican, male and female students alike. I happen to feel the clientele on a daily basis and trust me when I say daily because I am there daily, exceeds the diversity goal that all universities seek to accomplish. Currently time is not on my side the semester is nearly over and setting up a table in the quad to collect signatures on a petition to save the rec center would not be affective but if that’s what it takes then myself and all regular patrons of Cougar Lanes will do so. My agenda appropriately similar to that of the 16th President of the United States Abraham Lincoln’s during the Civil War which was to restore the Union as it once was by any means possible. Mine is to protect our equivalent of a union being the Morris University Center and in doing so insuring the eternal existence of the under estimated role Cougar Lanes plays in holdi ng that union together. This letter is intended to be an informative one as well as productive. Through my own

Serial Killers in the World - 1085 Words

Overview In the 1980s serial killers were understood to be a new development, a phenomenon frequently accredited to the excesses of American culture. It was a decade of change, one of freedom and great music. It was also a decade that brought the shock and fear of serial killers. Today it seems as if all societies have serial killers. People in today’s society are left with questions such as: Who are they? Why are they so different? Why do they commit such horrific crimes? There are many theories that psychologists and sociologists have researched but found no definite answers. The Bureau of Justice Statistics partnership with MINCAVA reported that, between 1976 and 1994 there were an estimated 405,089 murders in the United States. Of these, the circumstances surrounding the murder are known in 317,925, or 78.5%. Among the cases with known circumstances, an estimated 4,807, or 1.5%, were classified as involving rape or another sex offense (Greenfeld 1997). Though the vast majority of v iolent sex offending involves males assaulting female victims, females account for a small percentage of known offenders, and males account for a small percentage of victims (Greenfeld, 1997). Serial killers are a disturbing piece of the puzzle of society that we must figure out to save the lives of the public in the future. Although the term serial killer loosly means killing serveral people by different means, there are those who are indeed survivors of these horrific acts and live to tellShow MoreRelatedSerial Killers Have Plagued The World Since Before The 1500s1899 Words   |  8 PagesSerial killers have plagued the world since before the 1500s. Theories have evolved over long periods of time for explanations as to why people begin killing. The earliest explanation was rooted in witchcraft and demonic possessions overtaking the person causing them to commit these acts of violence. Biological, psychological, and social theories have emerged over the years as society has developed and advanced. The latest theory suggests that the behavior of serial killers results as a combinationRead MoreA Serial Killers Characteristics Begin at Childhood800 Words   |  3 PagesChi ldhood Characteristic of Serial killers The basic definition of Serial Killers are that it is a group of people who’s work is just to kill, kill and kill innocent people over a longer period of time without being wedged or bunged. They are not like mass murderers, who may kill many people at one time - majority of the time because of circumstantial behavior. Serial Killers are completely a different from traditional or mass murderers they always make a proper plan and they are very specificRead MoreSerial Killers in Modern Society1558 Words   |  6 PagesSerial Killers in Modern Society Introduction For hundreds of years, serial killers have actually been a huge fascination all over the world. Even though society has an undeveloped idea as to what a serial killer is and how they function, there is much more to serial killers that people are probably unaware of. In spite of classic myths regarding serial killers which are displayed a lot in movies, this essay will recognize serial killers as irregular as the individual that utilizes various strategiesRead MoreCharacteristics And Backgrounds Of Serial Killers Essay1495 Words   |  6 PagesSerial killers can be hiding behind the smiles of your neighbors, grocers, and the most unexpected individuals. According to Boschken (2014), a serial killer is an individual that has committed three or more murders over a month without a large gap between murders. Several different characteristics and backgrounds make up a serial killer. Studies have shown that an individual’s background can give insight into the victims and the offende r’s relationship to the victims. Serial killers can also beRead MorePerry Smith: A Passion to Kill1354 Words   |  6 PagesSerial killers have long eluded law enforcement while simultaneously grabbing the attention of the public, and now more than ever, criminal psychologists are beginning to understand what makes a serial killer. In his true-crime documentary, In Cold Blood, Truman Capote depicts the horrifying murders of four members of the Clutter family and the search to find the criminals responsible for the deaths. Eventually, two killers are caught, one being Perry Smith, a detached and emotionless man. And althoughRead MoreThe Various Forms of Serial Killers1018 Words   |  4 PagesThe term itself: serial killer, has so many connotations. Serial killers are very prevalent in today’s society, and are present in tv shows, books, movies, magazines. The public has formed an idea of serial killers that is not exactly all too correct. The general public’s idea of them is very broad, when in actuality serial killer’s come in many, many different shapes and forms. The world of a serial kiler has such a diverse group of people taht just a single, general idea of one doesn’t begin toRead MoreThe Mystery Of Serial Killers1214 Words   |  5 PagesSerial killers have unsuspectingly dwelled among society for as long as evil has been amongst the human race. The world would not be the same without these vile people. Yes, serial killers are awful human beings but there is something about them that has, and will continue, to be a topic of interest to the innocent. Serial killers are always talked about; in fictional movies, documentaries, books, speeches, dinner topics, the list goes on. The average, day by day people in society have always cravedRead MoreCharacteristics of a Serial Killer760 Words   |  4 Pagespain and death are twisted into a passion to kill. Unlike a â€Å"normal† individual, serial killers rely on m urdering to fulfill their craving of their gruesome thrills and addiction. Most of society incorrectly views serial killers because of how they are portrayed on television. For example, Dexter is a handsome serial killer who does lead a normal life but, he takes it upon himself to rid all of the â€Å"bad guys† in the world in order to accomplish his need to kill. Then there’s Freddy Krueger, he getsRead More Serial Killers: Monsters or Mentally Ill Essay1571 Words   |  7 Pages Studies show that traits of a serial killer can be seen in a person at a very young age. Most warning signs go unnoticed which is why the growth of the killer continues. A thing such as animal cruelty is one of many clues inside the growth of a serial killers mind â€Å"They often start out their careers by maiming, harming, and torturing small animals.† â€Å"In extreme cases, they have been known to spend hours inflicting a slow death on animals...this is a form of control that al lows them the power toRead MoreChapter 16. Serial Killers Are Not A New Development. They1189 Words   |  5 PagesChapter 16 Serial killers are not a new development. They have been among us since the beginning of time. Evidence of this can be seen by reviewing some of the world’s most high-profile crimes; some of which remain unsolved. Serial killers are difficult to detect. They are able to move through society, masquerading as normal, healthy individuals. A serial sexual sadistic killer is a specific type of predator. Their crimes suggest that they are void of any feelings or emotion. However, theories suggest

Global Water Pollution Causes, Impacts, and Solutions Essay

Water pollution has become a huge problem in many countries all over the world. It is known that water is a very significant factor in life, but if this water becomes contaminated, it will be very dangerous for the humanity and wildlife. Pollution is defined as to make fetid or unclear and dirty (American College Dictionary). So, water pollution means the change in the water composition to be dirty or unclear. This essay will examine the causes of water pollution, the effect of that issue in life and how to overcome this problem. Pollution of water in the world can be caused by several reasons. Firstly, direct reasons which impact immediately in the composition of water. For example, discharging the sewage water into the sea has†¦show more content†¦As a result of all these causes of water pollution, there are some unwanted effects. First of all, this type of pollution definitely impacts the health of humanity, because many use large quantities of water for drinking or cooking. Thus, it is crucial to have pure water. Moreover, contaminated water can damage wildlife. The second effect of water pollution is the environmental influence such as the odour of water and the terrible sights on beaches or rivers. Finally, there are economical consequences which can occur when the government starts to cleanup this contamination as it might spend an enormous amount of time and money. Furthermore, wasting fresh water is an intractable problem that may be faced when they minimize the volume of dirty water. There fore, the prevention is much better and cheaper than the cleanup (Miller, G. T. 2007). Everyone in society can do some helpful things to deal with the water pollution issue. Governments can control oil transfer in the sea and put more laws and severe penalties on defaulting companies. Also, they can find another solution for sewage rather than dispose of it in the sea. In addition, traders should not throw industrial waste and chemical products in the sea. Moreover, human beings have a considerable part by not disposing plastic items down the toilet, and never throw oil products down the drain either (Australian Marine Conservation Society. 2004). Such solutions willShow MoreRelatedHealth Effects Of Air And Water Pollutants1269 Words   |  6 PagesHealth effects of air and water pollutants are major environmental issues that need to be better understood and controlled in the United States and globally. This issue is so important for many reasons, but for this discussion it is being identified to give a voice to the urgency to the world to pay attention to how our environment is failing into a catastrophic level of decline because of these types of pollutants. In order to overcome the pollutants there needs to be a call to action. We needRead MoreFossil Fuels And Their Impact On The Environment862 Words   |  4 PagesFossil Fuels and Their Impact on the Environment The amount of fossil fuels being deposited into the air should be controlled. Not only do fossil fuels pose a threat to the environment, but also to human health. The problem is not only noticeable in the depletion of human health, but also in the air, water, and land. Emissions are a concerning contribution to other problems such as global warming and greenhouse gases as well. One of the major factors of fossil fuels are vehicles. VehiclesRead MoreIn 1789 Thomas Malthus, English Cleric And Scholar, Studied1008 Words   |  5 Pagesof food production and thus it would lead to global starvation. According to the most recent United Nations estimate elaborated by Worldometers, the current world population is 7.5 billion. Overpopulation is an objectionable condition which the number of human population expands faster than the Earth’s capacity. Overpopulation is a result of various factors such as improvements in medical facilities. Moreover, overpopulation also has a critical impact on the environment and is a salient issue inRead MoreThe Environmental Problems Of Global Warming1486 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Human population rise, industrilisation and the increased requirement for natural resources has led to many environmental problems, beside global warming. With reference to specific examples, discuss those environmental problems and their possible solutions.† â€Å"Modern humans deeply influence the form and function of the ecosphere† (Hugget et al: 2004). During the twentieth century alone the world’s population increased from 1.65 billion to 6 billion and just now the worlds population stands atRead MoreThe Effects Of Air Pollution On Our Lives1304 Words   |  6 PagesDuring the recent years, air pollution has been the main cause of health problems in this society. Air pollution has caused so many health related sickness to the life we live in now. Air pollution has brought in high increases of poisonous gases that impact the weather by global warming, and the air we breathe. As we breathe this toxic air we get in the same chemicals that are mostly found in cigarettes. Some people could get many diseases breathing this kind of air today, because the cigarettesRead MorePollution And Its Effects On Society1670 Words   |  7 Pages Pollution Whenever you walk outside, what is one thing you always see, but may not notice? This issue you overlook constantly is pollution, but you are not the only one that does not notice, it is everyone that takes part in this major issue. In my opinion, the government does not take enough part in stopping or lessening this major issue. Across the globe, pollution exists in all communities and continues to worsen, therefore leaders must make environmental issue priorities and commit moneyRead MoreEffects Of Air Pollution Essay1282 Words   |  6 Pagesmany kinds of pollution, but one that has the most impact on humans would be air pollution. In order to live, we must breathe air and surprisingly some things that we breathe takes a toll on our health. Air pollution occurs when pollutants are released into the atmosphere. It has both chronic and acute effects on human health which effects a number of different systems and organsFossil fuel combustion such as diesel fuel, coal, gasoline and natural gas is the main source of air pollution. Most of thisRead MoreGlobal Warming And Its Impact On Our Earth1676 Words   |  7 Pagesof our Earth. These issues include air, water, and environmental problems that we, as a global society, contribute to everyday. These concerns create major impacts that pertains to much of the globe and the world in which we inhabit today, compared to the world we lived in 50 years ago. Frequent statements that contribute to the overall thought of global warming include the following: how the community supplies detrimental factors to the Earth to cause global warming, and how can the community contributeRead MoreEnvironment Issues Are Destructive Effect From Human Activity On The Nature1288 Words   |  6 Pagesenvironment to protect ourselves. Global warming, shortage resources and ocean pollution are major environment issues and pressure around the world. The number of reasons and influence of these environment problems and pressures will be g iven. Global warming is a severe challenge to human survival and development. Angell (1999) describe that there are four approach show no signs of global warming in the past 1000 years. However, according to Gray (2009) the most reliable global temperature measurementsRead MoreMeat Production And Environmental Health1437 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Global meat production rose to a new peak of 308.5 million tons in 2013, according to the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), a more than fourfold increase over the last five decades. Even more startlingly, meat production has grown 25-fold since 1800 (Horrigan, Lawerence Walker, 2002). Globally, agriculture utilizes nearly 70 per cent of the world s available freshwater. One-third of that percentage is used to grow grains to feed to livestock (ECOS, 2014). While the global meat industry

Facts on Canada’s CN Tower Free Essays

During Toronto’s building boom in the early 70’s, a serious problem was developing. People were experiencing poor quality television. The pre-skyscraper transmission towers of Toronto stations were simply not high enough anymore. We will write a custom essay sample on Facts on Canada’s CN Tower or any similar topic only for you Order Now As office buildings were reaching higher and higher, the video reception and radio signaq got weaker and soon became alomst inpossible to recieve. Signals from Toronto and from Buffalo, New York were bouncing off the buildings. As a result viewers often saw a weaker station superimposed over another. So the were watching two shows at once. It became clear that they needed a antenna that would not only be taller than any building in the city, but one that would be taller than anything that would probably ever be built. Today, the microwave receivers which pull in distant signals are about 305 metres or 1000 feet up (inside that white donut-like thing), and the top of the transmission antenna is 553.33 metres or 1815 feet 5 inches high (that’s the very top).Because of this, we enjoy some of the clearest TV and radio reception in North America. An extra little tidbit you may not have known: It wasn’t until late in the design process that the architects decided to turn the Tower into a Tourist Attraction. The CN Tower was built by the Canadian National Railway. Opened to the public on June 26, 1976 Official opening on October 1, 1976 Adjusted cost (1997 dollars): $250 million Number of construction workers: 1,537 Total weight of the Tower: 117,910 metric tonnes (130,000 tons) Volume of concrete: 40,523.8 cubic metres (53,000 cubic yards) Reinforcing steel: 4,535 metric tonnes (5,000 tons) Structural steel: 544.2 metric tonnes (600 tons) Number of elevators: 6 (including 2 which officially opened March 20, 1997) Speed of elevators: 6 metres/second (20 feet/second) Slow speed of elevators (in high winds): 1.5 metres/second (5 feet/second) Attendance: about 1.8 million per year Total staff (off season): approximately 400 Total staff (peak season): approximately 550 Maximum sway in 190 km/h winds with 320 km/h gusts (120 mph winds with 200 mph gusts): Antenna: 6 ft., 8 in. from centre Sky Pod: 3 ft., 4 in. from centre Tower Sphere: 1 ft., 7 in. from centre Thickness of windows: Outer pane – 9.5 mm (3/8 inch), inner pane – 6.4 mm (1/4 inch) Capacity of 360, The Restaurant at the Tower: 400 people Time it takes to revolve once: 72 minutes Capacity of Horizons Cafe: 500 people Broadcast Facilities: UHF, VHF Television; FM Radio; Microwave Transmissions; Fixed Mobile Systems Companies that broadcast from the Tower: CBC Channel 5 25, CFMT 47, CFTO 9, City 57, Global/CIII 41, TV Ontario 19, LOOK Communications (Digital), CHFI/Rogers, CFNY FM, CHIN FM, CHUM FM, CILQ FM, CJEZ FM, CJRT FM, CKFM FM, Bell Canada, Cantel, Motorola, TTC Thickness of The Glass Floor: 2 1/2 â€Å". Layers, from the top down: 3/16†³ scuff plate (replaced annually) Two 1/2†³ layers of clear tempered glass, laminated together A one inch layer of air (for insulation) Two 1/4†³ layers of clear tempered glass, laminated together Size of each panel: 42†³ by 50†³ Load tests are performed annually on each panel to ensure safety Toronto certainly does, and we appreciate the time the following groups and publications recently took to honour the CN Tower: The CN Tower extends congratulations to II by IV Design Associates partners Dan Menchions and Keith Rushbrook in winning the following design awards from the Assocation of Registered Interior Designers of Ontario (ARIDO):†Designers of the Year†, GOLD for Public and Institutional Spaces: CN Tower – Public Circulation Space, SILVER for Retail Spaces: CN Tower – Market Place Retail Centre, SILVER for Restaurants and Bars: CN Tower – Market Place Cafe City Parent, A Metroland Newsmagazine For City Families chose us as the ‘Best Tourist Attraction in Toronto’ in the Fourth Annual Readers Selection Awards Voted the â€Å"Best Place to Take Out-Of-Towners† by Eye Magazine American Society of Civil Engineers, who accredited us as being one of the ‘Seven Wonders of the Modern World’ Guinness Book of World Records changed our status to ‘World’s Tallest Building and Free Standing Structure’ and highlighted us on the cover of their 1996 Edition NOW Magazine – Best Place to Impress Out-of-Town Visitors Toronto Sun Readers’ Choice Awards – Favourite Toronto Attraction International Association of Amusement Parks and Attractions Brass Ring Award – #1 Radio Campaign for Attractions World Wildlife Fund of Canada – Bird Friendly Building Award Federal Energy Innovator Award for recognition of innovative leadership in the pursuit of energy management opportunities Toronto Tourism Award – Ontario SuperHost for Staff Training Education International Digital Media Awards – Gold for Best Kiosk/Installation for EcoDek Environment Canada – Great Lakes Raptor Recovery Plaque Tourism Toronto Award – Best Attraction, 1995. How to cite Facts on Canada’s CN Tower, Essay examples

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Outsourcing For The Contemporary Busin

Question: Discus about the Advantages And Disadvantages Of Outsourcing For The Contemporary Business Organizations. Answer: Introduction In the present business scenario, contemporary business organizations have to consider various aspects in competing in the intensely competitive market. With the entry of more and more business organizations in the market, the price is becoming a more determining factor for gaining competitive advantages for the business organizations (Wagner III and Hollenbeck 2014). All of these organizations are trying to offer their products and services in more competitive prices. With having more options in the market for the customers, the price elasticity of the products or service is showing increasing trend. Thus, contemporary business organizations are trying to initiate various strategies and policies to reduce their cost of production in order to provide more cost effective offerings to the customers. One of the key strategies for the contemporary business organization to reduce their cost of production is outsourcing (Schniederjans, Schniederjans and Schniederjans 2015). In the recent times, more and more organizations are opting for outsource their partial business activities to any third party vendors. According to the concept of outsourcing, business organizations delegate their business activities to any expertise organizations which on the behalf of the former accomplish the assigned job. The key advantage in this concept is the cost effectiveness (Vaxevanou and Konstantopoulos 2015). This is due to the fact that, the vendors whom the task is being outsourced are generally belongs from any developing countries or have their operational facilities in the developing countries. Setting up the operational facilities in the developing countries helps in having the access to large number of skilled employees in lower cost. This report will discuss about the advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing for the contemporary business organizations. Critical analysis will be conducted in order to determine the effectiveness of the concept of outsourcing for the business organizations. Critical analysis of this concept will help to identify the advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing. Accordingly, recommendations will be provided in this report which will help the business organizations in having effective strategies for outsourcing. Critical analysis of outsourcing There are various researches have been done in order to determine the effectiveness of the concept of outsourcing. Researchers have identified the merits and demerits of outsourcing along with the challenges that have to be faced by the organizations in outsourcing their business activities. However, Oshri, Kotlarsky and Willcocks (2015) stated the most clear and precise definition of the concept of outsourcing. According to them, in the present business scenario, majority of the organizations are operating in the global market and thus they have to maintain and consider various aspects in order to effectively drive their operations. It becomes difficult for them to maintain all the aspects at a single time. According to Oshri, Kotlarsky and Willcocks (2015), this factor leads to the initiation for the outsourcing of their activities. This helps them in reducing their responsibilities and burden which helps them in allocating more time and resources on the existing activities along w ith their key corporate affairs. Oshri, Kotlarsky and Willcocks (2015) also stated that, another influencing factor for the outsourcing of their activities is the driving force for having cost effective production process. According to the authors, the third arty vendors who are having expertise in accomplishing the particular task can perform the task in much cost effective way then the parent organization. Thus, large multinationals specially from the developed countries are opting for outsourcing of their partial business activities which are helping them offering their products or services in more competitive prices. Researchers such as Sparrow (2012), further classified the utility and alternative uses of outsourcing strategies by the business organizations. According to him, outsourcing is not only limited to the delegation of the core business activities or the manufacturing process but also the front office and customer handling process. According to Sparrow (2012), the growth trend for the global outsourcing scenario is more concentrated to the delegation of the information technologies to the third party vendors. Majority of the business organizations have outsourced their customer service activities. This is helping them in providing more effective customer service with incurring less cost. Thus, Sparrow (2012) revealed that the outsourcing of information technologies is having the highest growth rate in the global market in the present scenario. According to Chang and Gurbaxani (2012), the outsourcing of the information technologies is not only benefiting in delivering effective customer service, but also helping them in gaining competitive advantages in the market. This is due to the reason that, outsourcing of information technologies is enabling the organizations in having the expertise in the customer service. Thus, providing effective customer service is becoming easier which helps them in gaining more goodwill from the market. Chang and Gurbaxani (2012) also stated that providing effective customer service helps in generating positive word of mouth among the customers which further helps the organization in operating in the market more effectively. Thus, the competitive advantages for the organizations are going to increase due of the initiation of outsourcing of the information technology. However, authors such as Orberg Jensen and Petersen (2012) have also thrown the light on the outsourcing of the manufacturing activities. According to them, various organizations are also outsourcing their manufacturing activities to the third party vendors in order to gain competitive advantages. According to Orberg Jensen and Petersen (2012), this is due to the reason that, outsourcing of the manufacturing activities will help the organizations in having their manufacturing activities done more effectively by the expertise third party vendor. Moreover, due to the outsourcing of the manufacturing activities, the parent organization can concentrate more on the after sales services along with the sales and marketing aspects. Thus, all the activities of the organization ca performed effectively. Orberg Jensen and Petersen (2012) also stated that, outsourcing of the manufacturing activities will also help in reduction of the cost involved and risk involved in the process. This is due to the reason that, majority of the outsourced manufacturing facilities is being located in the developing countries especially in China and India. These countries are having huge supply of skilled employees and the cost of the employees is lower than that of in the developed countries. Thus, the jobs are being done in more effective manner with a lower cost. The risks involved in the production process also get reduced for the parent organization due to the reason that the parent organization will not have to take the responsibility of any aspect of the production process. It will be looked after by the third party vendors. Various other authors have concentrated on an important aspect of the outsourcing that the majority of the outsourced job are being delegated to the developing countries. Thus, it is important to determine the reasons or drivers for which the outsourcing industry is thriving in the developing nations. According to Kite (2012), countries such as India and China are the most beneficial countries from the initiation of the concept of outsourcing. According to him, this is due to the reason that India and China are the two most populous countries in the world. Thus, supply of employees will not be an issue their moreover the employees rate is much cheaper than that of in the developed countries due to the oversupply of employees. In addition, the employees in these countries are skilled enough and are comfortable in speaking English. Thus, these influencing factors along with rapid improvement in the domestic infrastructure are driving the growth rate of outsourced jobs in these countrie s. Thus, organizations outsourcing their activities in these countries are having the access of highly skilled human resources at a cheaper price. This leads to the fact that the organizations from across the world are gaining cost effective service by outsourcing their activities. However, it is also true that though outsourcing is proving beneficial for various organizations in the current business scenario, it does have several disadvantages as well. Various authors have reviewed the demerits of outsourcing for the business organizations. According to Caruth, Haden and Caruth (2013), managing the human resources in the case of outsourcing may pose challenge for the parent organization. Though the parent organization do not have the responsibilities in managing the human resources in the process, however, the activities of the human resources in the outsourced organization will have the direct impact on the performance of the parent organization. According to Caruth, Haden and Caruth (2013), this is due to the reason that, in the case of outsourcing of the customer service, the customer handling is being done by the third party vendors. However, the customers are not having the idea of the outsourcing and thus they will have the perception about the organizat ion by the extent of the effectiveness of the customer service. However, according Caruth, Haden and Caruth (2013), this can be a challenge for the organizations in managing the human resource in the third party vendors. The employees in the outsourced and outsourcing organizations are having different approaches and both the organization will follow different organizational culture. Thus, matching up he approaches of the parent organization will be difficult and it may have negative implication in the long run. Another disadvantage stated by Dinu (2015) regarding the outsourcing of the business activities. According to him, in case of outsourcing of the business activities, the managerial controls of the parent organization over the business activities will be lower or negligible. This is due to the fact that, in the case of outsourcing, the activities will be controlled by the third party vendors. Thus, any issues in the business process may get generated due to this concept. Thus, it can be concluded that outsourcing of the business activities will have advantages as well as disadvantages for the organizations. Another aspect for outsourcing that is generating in the recent years is the challenges being faced by the organizations in initiating the outsourcing of their business activities. The current political scenario in the global market is a major contributor in posing challenges for the outsourcing of the business activities. Author such as Levine (2012) stated the political challenges faced by the organization in initiating the process of outsourcing. According to him, due to the process of outsourcing, rate of unemployment in the developed countries are increasing. This is due to the reason that, major organizations in the developed nations are outsourcing their jobs to reduce their cost of production which further reducing the employment of the home country employees. Due to this factor Levine (2015) stated that government of United States has came up with legislations in order to check the rate of outsourcing. The stringent rules and regulations disallow the organizations in outsour cing their jobs to the developing nations as well as sourcing of cheap employees from outside the country. This has been done to maintain the rate of employment in the home country. Thus, according to the author, organizations from the developed countries are facing the heat in outsourcing their business activities. Due to these challenges being faced by the organizations, they are initiating various others options to bypass the rules and regulations. Author such as Owens (2014) stated that off shoring is one of the effective ways of bypassing the challenges being faced by the organizations due to outsourcing. According to him, off shoring does not involved delegating the task to the third party vendors, rather than it refers to the concept where the parent organization shifts their manufacturing facilities to the country having lower cost of resources. However, the key difference of outsourcing with that of the off shoring is the presence of the third party vendor. Owens (2014) stated that in the case of off shoring, organizations have the full control in the business activities in the host country. The manufacturing facilities in the host country act as their subsidiary. Thus, it helps the organization in having the lower cost of production due to the fact that the manufacturing facility is be ing shifted to the country having lower cost of production. Moreover, the control of the business activities will also be with the parent organization unlike the outsourcing. Advantages of outsourcing Thus, from the above critical analysis of the concept of outsourcing, various advantages and disadvantages are being identified. Advantages of outsourcing include lower of cost of production (Shephard 2012). Outsourcing of the business activities will help the organizations in reducing their cost of production due to the fact that the third party vendors will accomplish their task at a much lower costs. Another advantage that has been identified is the reduction of the business risk involved. In any type of business activities, risks and uncertainties are being involved for the organizations. However, in the case of the outsourcing the risk is being transferred to the third party vendors (Kaplan and Mikes 2012). Thus, the parent organizations do not have to bear the risk in their business activities. Due to the reason of the outsourcing, the organizations are gaining competitive advantages in the market due to the lower cost of production and effective customer service. In terms of the economic growth, outsourcing helps in enhancing the economy of the developing nations. Due to outsourcing, more and more foreign direct investments are being attracted to these countries (Moran 2012). Thus, it helps in enhancing the domestic economy of these countries. Countries such as India and China are rapidly developing due to the factor of outsourcing. Majority of the outsourced jobs are being delegated to these two countries and thus outsourcing is one of key contributor in enhancing the GDP of these countries (Cai and Vairaktarakis 2012). Outsourcing also helps in transferring of the technologies and expertise in the global market. Thus, the difference between the developed and developing countries will get lower in the due course. Disadvantages of outsourcing Though there are various advantages of outsourcing, however, disadvantages are also present in this concept. One of the key disadvantages for outsourcing is the lack of control of the parent organization (Goetsch and Davis 2014). As discussed earlier by various authors, in the case of outsourcing, the outsourced business activities are looked after by the third party vendors and thus the parent organizations do not have the direct control over the activities (Pyzik 2012). Thus, any issue in the business activities will have major impact on the performance of the parent organizations. Another disadvantage for the outsourcing is the difference in the organizational culture of the parent organization and the third party vendors (Alvesson 2012). This is due to the reason that the both organization are different entities and they follows different organizational culture. Thus, it may have adverse impact on the business activities of the organization. Increasing rate of unemployment is another disadvantage for outsourcing (Caggiano, Castelnuovo and Groshenny 2014). This is due to the fact that, outsourcing helps in increasing the rate of employment in the developing nations but at the cost of unemployment in the developed countries. The jobs from the developed countries are being transferred to the countries having lower cost of employees. Thus, the economies of the developed countries are being badly affected (Hellier and Chusseau 2012). The dependency of the developing nations over the developed nations also does increase in the case of outsourcing. This is due to the reason that the jobs transferred to the developing countries are the jobs of the developed countries and thus, the rate of the having jobs in the developing countries will be dependent on the demand of the customers in the developed countries. Thus, due to the factor outsourcing, the dependency of the developing nation on the developed nations is getting increases. Recommendations Thus, considering the advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing and the challenges that are being faced by the organization in outsourcing their activities, recommendations will be provided in order to help the organization in effectively implement the strategy of outsourcing (Kang et al. 2012). Business organizations opting for outsourcing of their business activities should first determine the legislations of their home country and the country to be being outsourced. It will help the organizations in designing their outsourcing strategy accordingly along with adhering with the legislations. In initiating the outsourcing strategy, organizations should determine the political relationship and the trade agreements between their home country and the country for outsourcing. This is due to the reason that it will help the organizations in understanding the political risk involved for them. The more will be the favorable relationship between the two countries, the more will be the effective process of outsourcing (Gilpin 2016). Off shoring can be an effective option to avoid the challenges being faced by the organizations. In the case of off shoring, the organization does not have to delegate the control power to the third party vendors rather than they will control their business activities (Goos, Manning and Salomons 2014). Moreover, the cost of production will be lower due to the fact that the manufacturing process is being shifted to the country having lower cost of production. Conclusion Having analyzed the various aspects being involved in initiating the process of outsourcing, it can be concluded that outsourcing is one of key strategies for the contemporary business organizations in order to gain competitive advantages in the market. Outsourcing helps the organizations in reducing the cost of production and providing cost effective services to the customers. Critical analysis has been done in order to determine the opinions of various authors regarding the concept of outsourcing. Critical analysis helped to identify the challenges being faced by the organizations opting for outsourcing. It is been identified that the current political environment in the global market is one of the key barriers being faced by the organizations. Due to this factor, more and more stringent rules and regulations are being initiated by several countries to prevent the loss of jobs due to outsourcing. Thus, contemporary business organizations have to maintain these aspects in order to effectively carrying out the outsourcing process. However, recommendations are being provided in this report in order to help the organizations in effective implementation of the outsourcing strategies. Thus, it is being expected that proper implementation of the recommendations being given in this report will help the organizations in effectively managing the strategies of outsourcing. References Alvesson, M., 2012.Understanding organizational culture. Sage. Caggiano, G., Castelnuovo, E. and Groshenny, N., 2014. Uncertainty shocks and unemployment dynamics in US recessions.Journal of Monetary Economics,67, pp.78-92. Cai, X. and Vairaktarakis, G.L., 2012. 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